The Many Common Mock Essay Topics You Can Use

The Many Common Mock Essay Topics You Can UseWhen you are seeking to write a mock essay for college, the first thing that you should do is consider the possible topics that you could take on. There are plenty of mock essay topics that you can use for this purpose.You may find the following topics to be very common mock essay topics that many college students choose to use. However, you must remember that not all of these topics are appropriate for your target audience.One of the most common mock essay topics is the History of Civilization. Students who choose this topic often focus on the period that they want to write the essay about. It might be in the seventeenth century or the eighteenth century, but students can always focus on the era in which they want to write the essay.Some other common mock essay topics include the Biological Sciences and the Humanities. If you want to teach a particular scientific field, you can definitely use this approach.There are also other challenging mock essay topics that you can choose to write about. One of the most challenging of these topics is the Statistical Analysis.This is one of the toughest subjects that you will need to write because it requires you to have an understanding of statistical analysis. Students who do not have a grasp of this subject often get stumped in trying to write a single paragraph.In conclusion, you will find that there are plenty of common mock essay topics that you can choose to write about. In fact, you can look at the following discussion about this topic and think about how you can create your own for your own target audience.

Essay on Leibniz The Father of Modern Calculus - 1208 Words

Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz is an important figure in the history of philosophy and mathematics. Although his work was not fully appreciated during his day, he did much to advance the quot;thinkingquot; on a variety of subjects. His fame was scarred by the infamous controversy with Isaac Newton on the subject of the discoverer of calculus. Leibnizs work encompassed a wide scope, ranging from philosopy to politics to mechanics and mathematics, but his most noteworthy accomplishment was the discovery of differential calculus and its highly efficient notation. Leibniz was born July 1, 1646 in Leipzig, Germany into a family of renowned scholars. His father, Friedrich Leibniz, was a professor of philosophy at the University of†¦show more content†¦After his thesis was rejected by the University of Leipzig, Leibniz pursued alchemy and magic at N#252;rnberg. To add to that, Leibniz made an attempt at becoming a diplomat. This ambitious man made several efforts to reunite the Protestant and Catholic Church. He also tried to persuade Louis XIV to attack Egypt instead of German areas. In the end, these efforts were fruitless. Leibniz had other aspirations and founded the Academy of Berlin. He also was quot;consulted about the foundation of the academies of Vienna and St. Petersburgquot; (Broad 3). During his later years, Leibniz attained the position of librarian of the Duke of Brunswick. Lastly, Leibniz was also quite advanced as an engineer. His most prominent invention was the mechanical calculating machine. Other assignme nts include windmills, pumps, and gears, which he designed by for government projects. Leibnizs principal area of expertise was his philosophy. He published many books and papers on his view of the world and its truths. One of his key concepts was the monad. A monad is the most basic quot;elementquot; of matter according to Leibniz. Everything was made up of monads and each varied according to function. This concept was published in Th#233;odic#233;e in 1710, quot;a philosophical work intended to tackle the problem of evil in a world created by a good Godquot; (OConnor and Robertson). In it, he also described this universe as imperfect otherwiseShow MoreRelatedThe Discovery Of Calculus : Newton And Gottfried Von Leibniz Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthe controversy of the discovery of Calculus. In the 1600s, two men, Isaac Newton and Gottfried von Leibniz both began the study of differential and integral Calculus. During the 17th century, plagiarism was an extremely serious offense and second inventors were often put in the position to defend their right to th e topic and against suspicion. Newton and Leibniz spent many years with their respective supporters defending their claim to the discovery of Calculus although today historians and mathematiciansRead More history of algebra Essay1199 Words   |  5 Pagesof algebra, Archimedes (212BC – 281BC), a Greek mathematician, worked on calculus equations and used geometric proofs to prove the theories of mathematics (â€Å"Archimedes†). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Although little is known about him, Diophantus (200AD – 284AD), an ancient Greek mathematician, studied equations with variables, starting the equations of algebra that we know today. Diophantus is often known as the â€Å"father of algebra† (quot;Diophantusquot;). However, many mathematicians still argueRead More Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Essay2087 Words   |  9 PagesAlthough Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz had no formal training as a mathematician, his contributions to the field of mathematics are still evident today. His results and work laid the groundwork for more thorough and rigorous treatments of calculus that would come later from various mathematicians. One of his most enduring legacies is the notations he used for calculus, which are still used around the world. Outside of mathematics Gottfried Leibniz made contributions to the fields of philosophy, law,Read MoreEssay about Mathematical Connection1238 Words   |  5 Pagesand what sign ificant events happened to facilitate such an advanced society. A better understanding can be derived by analyzing the historical background on the mathematicians, the time periods, and the contributions that affected their society and modern society as well as specific examples of how the mathematical developments affected society. Math had and has a great impact in technology. During the 20th century mathematics made very quick advances on all fronts. Mathematics sped up theRead MoreMathematical Connection Essay1173 Words   |  5 Pagesand what significant events happened to facilitate such an advanced society. A better understanding can be derived by analyzing the historical background on the mathematicians, the time periods, and the contributions that affected their society and modern society as well as specific examples of how the mathematical developments affected society. Math had and has a great impact in technology. During the 20th century mathematics made very quick advances on all fronts. Mathematics sped up theRead More Philosophy in Mathematics Essay3045 Words   |  13 Pages(1596-1650), G. W. Leibniz (1646-1716), and Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) (Ebersole, S. (#5)) are the three philosophers. Though all three of these philosophers contributed their own reviews on the subject of mathematical philosophy, they all saw the world and thus it‘s mechanical contributions â€Å"as being controlled by mathematical principles.† (Ebersole, S.). Rene Descartes was born, March 31, 1596 near Tours, France (Weisstein, E.), to an important family; Descartes’ father held a position as â€Å"Councilor†Read MoreThe Theory Of The Scientific Revolution1255 Words   |  6 Pagessource of logic and thinking for the scientific and philosophic community. Another major development in the field of mathematics was Calculus. Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz and Isaac Newton independently discovered this new method of reason. The analysis and synthesis involved in calculus became the basis of the scientific method. Leonard Euler further developed calculus; Euler contributed â€Å"to number theory [and] introduced many notational forms still in use—e for natural logarithms, fand parenthesesRead MoreEssay on The Contributions of Isaac Newton973 Words   |  4 PagesHe was born the same day that Galileo Galilei died. His step- father died a couple months before he was born, and 2 years later his mother marries a well-to-do minister by the name of Barnabas Smith. Newtons mother, Hannah, soon left her son with his grandmother in order to start a new life with her husband. Due to his traumatic past at an early age, Newton showed signs of psychotic tendencies. Later on his step-father died and Hannah wanted Newton to manage the considerable amountRead MoreThe Life and Times of Sir Isaac Newton Essay1609 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause his biological father died three months before he was born. Then, his mother remarried and left him to be raised by his grandparents. It was not until 1661, when Newton started studying at Cambridge University, that Newton took an interest in math and science. Then, in 1665, Newton was forced to go home because of an epidemic outbreak. During his time away from school, Newton started studying optics, math, and gravity. In addition, he started to create Calculus. Newton was allowed toRead MoreEssay on The Male Ego and the Perception of Women in Science1022 Words   |  5 Pagescenter of intellectual life. Both the Lady Anne and Sarah Anne started their education with their brothers and then surpassed their brothers. The countess book, The Principles of the Most Ancient and Modern Philosophy, which profoundly influenced Leibniz, 18th century thinking, and modern science, was credited to von Helmont. Von Helmont had, after the countess death, returned to Europe with most of her papers and notebooks and published them. Even though Liebniz gave the countess the credit

Culture in Marketing Essay - 4606 Words

Thompson 4th Edition International Marketing Strategy Isobel Doole and Robin Lowe Social and Cultural Factors Social and cultural factors influence all aspects of consumer and buyer behaviour. The difference between these factors in different parts of the world can be a central consideration in developing and implemting international marketing strategies. Social and cultural forces are often linked together whilst meaningful distinctions between social and cultural factors can be made in many ways by the way the two interact and the distinction between the various factors is not clear cut. Differences in languages can alter the intended meaning of a promotional campaign and differences in the way a culture organises itself†¦show more content†¦Customs are evident in many events in ones life e.g birth, marriage, death and at key events in the year e.g Christmas, Easter, Ramadan etc. Such components as values beliefs and customs are often ingrained in a society and many of us only fully realise what is special about our own cultures, its beliefs, values and customs when we come into contact with other cultures. This is what happens to firms when they expand internationally and build up a market presence in foreign markets. O ften the problems they face are a result of their mistaken assumption that foreign markets will be similar to their home markets and so they can operate in a similar manner. Frequently in international markets the toughest competition a firm may face is not another supplier but the competition or beliefs as a result of cultural differences. This means that for a company to succeed in that market they often have to change ingrained attitudes to the way they do business. The beliefs and values of a culture satisfy a need within society for order, direction and guidance. Thus culture sets the standards shared by significant portion s of society which in turn sets the rules for operating in that market. Hofstede (2001) identifies a number of layers within a national culture. Layers of Culture - A national level according to ones country which determines our basic cultural assumptions. - A regional/ ethnic/ religious linguisticShow MoreRelatedMarketing American Culture1175 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Marketing American Culture The average adult in the United States will look at the mirror and think that they have their life in control and do not feel the need to do anything about it. The average depressed adult may look and see a sad reflection, and upon seeing this they will seek out help, be it a doctor or a close friend. This is just an example of what the average American would do if they were sad, because in different cultures, people see depression differently because of various definitionsRead MoreInfluence of Culture in Marketing7448 Words   |  30 PagesI. Culture I.1 How to define culture? Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors and artifacts that the members of society use to interact with their world and with one another. It is a combination of thoughts, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, and behavior pattern that are shared by racial, religious, ethnic or social group of people. Anthropologist James Spradley believes culture to be :†the acquired knowledge people use to interpret experience and generate behavior†Read MoreThe Marketing Of Promotional Culture1889 Words   |  8 Pagesfollowing case study will evaluate the reach of promotional culture in relation to my chosen artifact, one of the most popular luxury sport utility vehicles (SUV’s) on the market the Range Rover Sport. Promotion is all around us and some even argue it is an unescapable aspect of our society. Society in the twenty-first centruy is known to be constructed off of promotion and commodification. In order to evaluate the impact of promotional culture on my chosen artifact as well as on me as a consumer, keyRead MoreThe Role Of Culture And International Marketing2059 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"As no two  cultures  or two individuals are quite alike, the  cultural differences  and potential incompatibilities that the interactants bring to a specific encounter can add complexity to the counseling experience.†.which is said by Carmella H. Woll(1996). As is widely known that the culture play a very important role in people’s lives, such as that the way of thinking and doing are all related to the culture. According to what Hofstede found that the different culture and social background will makeRead MoreInternational Marketing: Products and Culture3476 Words   |  14 PagesProducts and Culture As a marketer, we all know that a product is more than a physical item: It is a bundle of satisfactions (or utilities) that the buyer receives. These utilities include its form, taste, colour, odour, and texture; how it functions in use; the package; the label; the warranty; and any other symbolic utility received from the possession or use of the goods. In short, the market relates to more than a product’s physical form and primary function. The values and customs within aRead MoreThe Impact Of Culture On International Marketing Communication1486 Words   |  6 Pagescultural factors occurring in marketing communications. Therefore, it discusses the following: †¢ Key issues in cross-cultural marketing communication which shows identifying the cultural factors to support marketing communication in the proposed markets and pre-requisites for cross-cultural communication. †¢ Culture-related barriers to marketing and how to approach this issue in order to achieve success in international markets. †¢ Effects of culture on international marketing communication and the needRead MoreMarketing Across Culture Success or Dilemma1130 Words   |  5 PagesTable of contents Marketing across culture: 3 Reasons of this dilemma 3 Proposed solution: 5 Pluralism: 6 Cultural analysis before marketing: 6 Change management strategy: 7 Marketing across culture: Marketing across culture is one of the biggest issues which multinational companies have been confronting nowadays. Since marketing is an important factor for the propagation of a particular product or company, marketing plan should also be effective simultaneously. Every organizationRead MoreEssay on Marketing Strategies to Different Cultures1294 Words   |  6 PagesWhen marketing our products across cultures, without doubt we are going to face with cultural differences that exist among the different markets that we are focusing. The challenge that we faced includes our ability to identify the differences in the various cultures as well as finding ways to ensure that we do not upset the consumers by not being sensitive to cultural differences that exist within different markets. Being a multi cultural nation ourselves, we are no stranger to cultural differencesRead MoreCulture Is Pervasive in All Marketing Activities2586 Words   |  11 Pages | | |Culture is pervasive in all marketing activities |3 | | | | |â€Å"One World Culture† Read MoreCelebrity Culture and Mass Marketing Essay4404 Words   |  18 PagesDissertation Proposal â€Å"Celebrity Culture and Mass Marketing† A proposed study on the effects of celebrity culture on consumer perception and behaviour; and how this is affecting the marketing techniques being used by UK businesses Contents Background 5 My Proposal 5 Literature review 5 Methodology 8 Limitations 9 Application 10 References 12 Appendix 13 Appendix A- Performa 13 Background Celebrity culture has been around for many years, however throughout the last ten

Construction Law of the United Kingdom

Question: Discuss who may be liable to whom and for what facts. Answer: From the facts that are stated in the given case study, the issue that arises here is, firstly who shall be liable for the additional costs of piling that was proceeded with the consent of A. And secondly, since Q had become insolvent who shall be held liable for the additional time and costs arising from Ms replacing Q. M further claims right to exclusive access to the main building and denies As instructions regarding the pyramid and the other contractor are lawful. In the first case, A, M and P will be liable for the additional costs that was incurred by E for the expensive piling process. The reason why M will be liable for the costs of the piling process which was suggested by P, is because, P was a subcontractor that was appointed by M. According to the construction law of the United Kingdom, the main contractor who appoints a sub contractor shall be liable for all the acts and decision that are taken by the sub contractor in behalf of the main contractor[1]. In the case of, Biffa Waste Services v. Maschienfabrik, M asked B to construct some machinery that was heavy in nature, and M in turn involved a subcontractor. However, one of the subcontractors caused fire at the premises of B. M got sued by B. M appealed and won the case on the ground that it was involved in extra hazardous activities. This is one of the exceptions in the construction law of United Kingdom where a subcontractor who is involved in some hazardous activities shall not be held liable in case of failure to fulfill its liabilities. Therefore, M shall be liable. A will be held liable because Ps idea of piling process was communicated to him by M and A consented to Ps ideas of construction. As an architect, it was expected out of A to know about the risk that is involved in Ps piling process and consequently he should not have consented. The fact that he agreed was an implied agreement that he was aware of all the risks that were involved in the process. Lastly, P will also be liable for the additional costs as it was P who had suggested for the quick and cheap piling process. However, the piling process ended up to be more expensive[2]. In the second case wherein, Q had become insolvent, E informed M that he should be liable for the additional time and cost arising out of Ms replacing Q. In this case, M will not be liable for Q becoming insolvent as it was on Es advice M had appointed Q as his sub contractor. The construction law of United Kingdom states that the main contractor shall not be liable for the insolvency or delays that are cause by the sub contractor, who are appointed on the advice of the principal[3]. Therefore, in the given case study also E will be held liable for Qs insolvency. If E wanted M to appoint Q as his sub contractor, he should have been aware of his contractual capability. Since E was not careful enough to conduct a due-diligence on the part of Q, M will be released from the liability and E will have to bear the additional costs and time for Qs insolvency[4]. Reference List: Horner, Malcolm. "Construction Law: An Introduction for Engineers, Architects, and Contractors."Construction Management and Economics31.5 (2013): 497-497. Kelley, Gail.Construction Law: An Introduction for Engineers, Architects, and Contractors. John Wiley Sons, 2012. Mason, Jim.Construction Law: From Beginner to Practitioner. Routledge, 2016. Mochitele, Mathethebala, and Danika Wright. "Proposed CIDB regulation amendments: construction law."Without Prejudice15.9 (2015): 69-70.

Timothy Brown Essays (642 words) - , Term Papers

Timothy Brown Mr. Hurt Leadership March 1, 2016 LMX Questionnaire The leader-member exchange theory focuses on the interaction between the leader and the follower. There are two groups in this theory, which are the in-group and out-group. The in-group provide more information to there followers. In-group members are more dependable. Being more communicative and highly involved are more characteristics of the in-group. The out-group is less compatible with the leader. Out-group members usually just come to work, do their job, and go home. After taking the LMX questionnaire, my score was a twenty-four. A score of twenty-four shows that I'm grouped moderate with this theory. I am in the middle of in-group and out-group. I agree with the accuracy of the questionnaire. I scored a four with the first question asking do I know where I stand with my leader (follower), and do I usually know how satisfied my leader (follower) is with what I do. From working at Best Buy, I do know where I stand with my manager and other coworkers. Just from seeing how satisfied my manager and coworkers are when I get a job done let me know that I am appreciated at work. I scored a three when it come to do the leader or follower understand my job problems and needs. Sometime people may know my needs and wants based on vibe or body language. When it come how well do my leaders and followers recognize my potential I scored a four. Most of the time my manager and coworkers see my potential because of how fast I can get my job done. The job performa nce I have make my managers and coworkers want to work with me. Most of the time my managers and coworkers don't have no problem helping solve problems in my work. If there is something I need a better explanation with or a job I have trouble achieving, the people I work with have no problem helping me. When it come to the chances that my leader or follower would "bail me out" at their expense, I said the chances are small. I'm not saying they truly wouldn't do it; I just believe when it come to bailing someone out I would see a family member or spouse doing that. At my current job best buy, I feel like I haven't been there long enough to see them bailing me out of any problem yet. I agree that I have enough confidence in my leader (follower) that I would defend his or her decision if he or she were not present to do so. From working with my coworkers at Best Buy, I see everyone tend to make good decisions. If my coworkers think of a decision that would work best, I sometimes will g o with their suggestion. I would characterize my work relationship with my leader and follower as better than average. I'm comfortable enough to go to my managers when I have a problem or suggestion. My coworkers and I really get along better than average. When you have a good work relationship it makes going to work enjoyable. The reason I think I scored moderate on this questionnaire is because of my personality. I'm kind of a laid back worker, but I enjoy working and enjoy getting involved. I tend to have characteristics of in-group and out-group members. The characteristic of being less compatible with leader with an out-group member is not a characteristic of my work style. I believe having a good relationship with your manager makes working for them better. When it comes to being dependable with a job, my manager and coworkers can depend on me. I believe this is a good questionnaire to see to see how you interact with your leader or follower.

Management and Organisational Planning

Management and Organisational Planning Free Online Research Papers ‘Organisations that fail to plan are in essence planning to fail’. Discuss this statement. In your answer consider types of organisational plans, and the link between planning and the strategic management process. Support your answer with examples drawn from real organisations, using textbooks, journals, newspapers, business magazines, and periodicals. Managing companies in the 21st century has changed in many ways compared to the managing system used in the olden days. Starting from the structure of the organization itself, how they plan, how they make decision, up until how they doing things; but one thing that has not changed is that organizations which perform with an outstanding result never neglect their planning. Each organization competes with each other to perform better in accordance to others. These changes are made in order to form a better organization each day as well as better results at the end of all progress. This essay will examine why organizations that fail to plan are in essence planning to fail, as well the types of organizational plans; hence the link between planning and strategic management process. â€Å"Organizations that fail to plan are in essence planning to fail†. From this statement it is clearly understood that organizations which do not plan their future organizational goals are more likely to fail. Not only is this applicable in the context of management. Anything that is done without planning is very unlikely to succeed. A well defined plan in academic term means â€Å"a drawing or diagram showing the arrangement in horizontal section of a structure, piece of ground† (Webster’s New World College Dictionary 2001). In planning, the very first step is to set a goal which is defined as â€Å"statements of intended results that are general in nature and are measureable on a naming or ranking scale of measurement† (Kaufman 1988). It is crucial to plan every single step and thing that is needed to be done to avoid failure. Hence, the importance to understand the purposes to plan; which is providing a direction about what the organization does, and what and why it needs to be achieved so that the organisation, as a whole, knows exactly what they are required to do. Therefore when they know what to do, they can work together with other staff to accomplish the goals that been set. For instance when the plan is set, the staff can easily refer to the master plan and remind themselves what each of them are required to do. Planning reduces uncertainty and makes sure everybody is committed to the achieving the goal. It also forces the staff to anticipate any changes so they can construct an appropriate response. In simpler terms, planning makes it easier to deal with uncertainty. For example, where there is uncertainty or any problem in an organization, they know what to do and are faster to react. To minimize waste or redundancy is another one of the vital reasons to plan. This mean that the organisation makes sure that nothing is left out or wasted in order to reach an efficient result at the end of the day. These include time and financial resources. For example when dealing with the food industry where the stocks are bound to the expiry date, companies have to make sure of the amount needed in a certain period of time so it does not result in waste of stock, expired food stock. The last reason is to set a standard. This keeps things on track, or in the terms of a managerial role it is known as controlling, as well as being a reference in competing with other companies. This ensures us of what we are trying to achieve, and whether or not we achieved it yet. For example, companies keep track of the progress of their plan by determining their position in accordance to the plan daily, weekly, monthly or annually. Even though many cases show that performance organizations that plan are mostly do well, cannot be said that organizations that did not plan always fail. One of the real life examples for the organization that did well planning where lead to outstanding outcome is Sunrise Confectioners. In 1987 when Ken Klooger took over the confectionary after his father in law retired, the company had annual revenues of approximately $4 million which did not increase or decrease much in the last ten years. He then realized that he needed some planning in order to increase the revenues. After the changes that he made through new products and methods in producing the products themselves as well some ongoing research about the consumers’ preference and awareness, he did some appropriate response to it such as spending $300,000 on television advertising for two months due to consumers’ unawareness that their product contains no artificial colouring and flavouring which one of the way to a ttract most health conscious consumers. This resulted in the increase of revenues from $1.5 million to $15 million in 2000-2001 periods, as well as the market share that had risen from 2 per cent to 25 per cent. In this context, Sunrise Confectionary uses their organizational planning to give them direction as well as set standards in accordance to its competitors (Robbins et al 2003). In general terms, planning can be referred to in two ways: formal and informal. Formal planning means concentrating on the achievement of the goals. Simple thing such as setting a period of time to achieve that goal and writing down a list can be shared by throughout the organizational structure so everyone knows what they have to do, where they have to go also have something to refer back to while they are at it. Informal planning is the reverse of the formal planning which is usually present in a small business or organization. Informal planning is not as well organized because it is not written and there is limited sharing among individuals due to an abstract form of it. This shows that formal planning is addressed for a bigger organizational structure that want to achieve their future organizational purpose positively because it assists them in formalizing and systemizing all the processes being made. There are various types of organizational plans. However, this essay will only discuss the three major types of planning in an organization: budget planning, project planning, and strategic planning. The best way to categorise each of the organisational plans is via its breadth, time-frame, specificity and frequency of use. In specific terms, a budget is a plan of action matched by resources required to implement the plan (Hussey 1998). In other words, a budget is a plan. Budgets generally divide between two broad categories: the operating budget, sometimes known as the â€Å"expense† budget and the capital budget. Budget in simpler terms mean a sum of money allocated for a particular purpose (Webster’s New World College Dictionary 2001). Budget is in everyone’s life, be it a small or a big one. Budget is a tool which helps in controlling and planning the functions of an organization. It is a formalized statement of the goals of an organization stated in financial terms and accomplishes several important functions for managers. It states future projections of revenues, expenses and expected profits. Planning, evaluating performance, co-ordinating activities, implementing plans, communicating, motivating and authorising actions are the main functions of a budget. The budget period de pends upon the action plan; it might be for a short or long duration. A budget compels the managers to think ahead by formalizing their responsibilities for planning, and is best framework for judging subsequent performance and aids managers in coordinating their efforts, so that the plans of an organization meets the objectives of the organization as a whole (Hussey 1998). To plan a project a team should have a goal and should work as one unit to achieve certain objectives. In project planning, team members should implement inventive ideas that would serve their goal in a resourceful way. Each individual on a team should take part in the planning process, because the diversity of team members and their different perspectives can create more than one approach to initiate a project. Project planning can be explained as determining the goals and objectives of a project through a coordination of procedures and determination of courses of action before initiating a project. Project planning is a rational determination of how to initiate, sustain, and finalize a project. There are many steps to be taken when planning a project within a team. To have a successful plan when working with a team, set a role of conduct for the team members (Free Management Library 2007). Define what each individual’s responsibility is and what to be expected from them. Eac h project should be broken down into specific tasks; it is important to find ways to divide the work into manageable parts. All projects encounter problems and conflicts. In order to have an early resolution to those problems, team members should discuss each potential problem that they might face (Free Management Library 2007). Team members should have a logical approach to problem solving. All problems must be predefined. Also, a deadline for the project is essential. If time to get done with the project is not controlled then the project itself can not be controlled (Free Management Library). Team members have to prioritize and work on a certain pace. They might also have a set schedule on when each task within the project should be done. Another important point in project planning is communication. Team members should always give each other a feedback on the progress of their tasks or roles and what have they accomplished. The process of communication and its result helps dimini sh the conflict of change (Free Management Library 2007). Discussing ideas within team members is a process where each individual should contribute in. Having different ideas will make the project unique and will create more than one method to reach the project’s goal. Strategic plans are plans that apply to the entire organisation, establish the organisation’s overall goals, and seek to position the organisation in terms of its environment. Strategic plans tend to cover a longer time frame. Long-term plans can be defined as those with a time frame of more than three years (Robbins et al 2003). They also cover a broader view of the organisation. Strategic plans also include the formulation of goals (McNamara 2007). There are a variety of perspectives, models and approaches used in strategic planning. The way that a strategic plan is developed depends on the nature of the organizations leadership, culture of the organization, complexity of the organizations environment, size of the organization, expertise of planners and et cetera. For example, there are a variety of strategic planning models, including goals-based, issues-based, organic, scenario and so on. Goals-based planning is probably the most common and starts with focus on the organiz ations mission, goals to work toward the mission, strategies to achieve the goals, and action planning. Issues-based strategic planning often starts by examining issues facing the organization, strategies to address those issues, and action plans. Organic strategic planning might start by articulating the organizations vision and values and then action plans to achieve the vision while adhering to those values. Some planners prefer a particular approach to planning (McNamara 2007). There is a link between planning and strategic management process. Planning is one part, though small, of the strategic management process. This can be shown using the roles of corporate managers. One of the four major roles of a manager is to plan. This planning plays a crucial part in determining the success of an organisation as mentioned earlier. But first, we have to ask: What is â€Å"strategic management process?† and â€Å"What are the steps in the process†. There is not just one definition of the phrase â€Å"strategic management process†. The definition, though similar, differs in accordance with people’s personal opinions. For example, Johnson views it as a six-step process. On the other hand, Viljoen Dann see it as a five-step process. However, in my opinion, I agree most with Robbins’s view on the process. Robbins et al analyses strategic management process as an eight-step process that consists of strategic planning, implementation and evaluation. Although the first six steps describe the planning that must take place, implementation and evaluation are just as important. Even the finest strategies can fall short if management does not put into practice or assess them properly. The first step in strategic management process is identifying the organisation’s current mission, objective and strategies (Robbins et al 2003). Every organisation requires a statement of the purpose of the organisation, also called a mission. The mission verifies the reason for which the company is in the business. To do this, managers must vigilantly recognize the range of its products and services. It is also vital for managers to identify the goals and strategies currently being pursued in the company. Goals are a foundation of planning which provide the measurable performance targets that the organisation as a whole strives to reach. By being aware of current goals allows managers to decide whether or not these current goals need to be changed. This can also be applied to strategies currently in place. The second step is analysing the environment (Robbins et al 2003). Analysing the environment is a critical step in the strategy process. Robbins describes the external environment as a significant basis on a manager’s actions. To outline a successful strategy, it must be supported well by the environment. In this step, managers need to know what is going on outside the organisation. Information such as what the competitors are doing, what on-going laws might affect the organisation and what degree of labour supply is available around the area where the company is located. Aside from analysing the external environment, managers must also examine specific and general environments to observe and be conscious of the trends and changes which are occurring. This step of the process can be considered complete when the manager has an accurate understanding of what is occurring in the external environment and the developments which could possibly affect the organisation. Following this, managers need to evaluate the results they have achieved in step 2 and determine the opportunities which the company can utilize and threats it encounters. This is all part of the SWOT analysis. Robbins defines opportunities as a positive development in the external environment and threats as negative trends. After identifying threats and opportunities, managers must now look inside the organisation by analysing the organisation’s resources and capabilities (Robbins et al 2003). This includes employees’ skills, the organisation’s resources, success at innovating products, quality of products, the organisation’s financial status, and the way customers distinguish the organisation. All of these show that no matter how large or how small an organisation is, the organisation is bound to the availability of resources and capabilities. This analysis of the internal environment allows managers to recognize specific capabilities and resources. When these capabilities and resources are outstandingly unique, they can be used as competitive weapons. This key value-generating skill is referred to as core competencies (Robbins et al 2003). From the previous step, the organisation should now have a comprehensible appraisal of its internal resources as well as its capabilities in executing various practical activities. Strengths are any strong capabilities the organisation possesses or unique resource materials (Robbins et al 2003). Weaknesses are the activities which the organisation does not perform well or the lack of resources which they need. Robbins states that different strengths and drawbacks have different outcomes on the strategy being pursued. An organisation’s culture is its personality or characteristics. It is a sign of the organisation’s mutual beliefs and values. When an organisation has a strong culture, it becomes more straight-forward for managers to convey the organisation’s core competencies and strengths to new employees. However, strong cultures are difficult to change. It then becomes a barrier to acknowledging any alterations in the organisation’s strategies. â€Å"Su ccessful organisations with strong cultures may become prisoners of their own success† (Robbins et al 2003). Strategies need to be formulated in all levels of an organisation, be it a corporate, business or functional level. This follows a decision-making process. Strategic alternatives must first be assessed. Managers must select strategies which harmonize with each other and bring out the best of the organisation in terms of its strengths and environmental opportunities. A successful strategy would be one that puts the organisation at a relative advantage over its competitors and the most favourable aggressive edge (Robbins et al 2003). The organisation must try and maintain this advantage to call the strategy a victory. As mentioned earlier, the first six steps are the planning of strategies. After an organisation comes up with strategies, they must apply it. The same efforts put into planning the strategies must be put into implementing it. No matter how effective the strategies are, if the organisation fails to apply it properly, these strategies will be deemed useless (Robbins et al 2003). Implementing strategies efficiently often means that the organisation has to hire new people with different skills, relocating a portion of current employees to new positions, or in the worst case, make redundant some employees. Most organisations nowadays run their management using teams. Therefore, building and managing effective teams is ability in implementing strategies efficiently. Top-management leadership is equally as important. So is a motivated group of middle and lower-managers who perform the organisation’s specific strategy needs. The final step in the strategic management process is evaluating the results of the strategies in terms of effectiveness, and adjustments that need to be made to improve the success of strategies. As a real-life example, Anne Mulcahy who is the president of Xerox Corporation made strategic modifications to develop her company’s competitiveness in the information services industry. These strategic actions were made after assessing the results of previous strategies and coming to a conclusion that changed were needed (Robbins et al 2003). In conclusion, the four key factors for success when implementing change within an organisation are: pressure for change; a clear, shared vision; capacity for change; and action. The various types of organisational plans as well as the implementation of strategic management process play a significant role in planning and managing change. Change management entails thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation, and above all, consultation with, and involvement of, the people affected by the changes. The four key factors for success when implementing change within an organisation are: pressure for change; a clear, shared vision; capacity for change; and action. REFERENCES Agnes, M Guralnik, DB (eds) 2001, Webster’s New World College Dictionary, 4th edn, IDG Books Worldwide Inc., Foster City, California. Free Management Library 2007, Planning in Organisations, viewed 2 May 2007, . Hussey, D 1998, ‘The Making of Strategy’, Strategic Management: from theory to implementation, 4th edn, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 161-508. Kaufman, R 1988, ‘Where to go and why get there: goals, objectives, needs, and roles’, Planning for Organisational Success: a Practical Guide, 2nd edn, Social Impacts Publications, Australia, pp. 1-20. McNamara, C 2007, Strategic Planning: in non-profit or for-profit organisations, Free Management Library, viewed 3 May 2007, . Robbins, SP, Bergman, R, Stagg, I, Coulter, M 2003, ‘Planning’, Management, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Australia, New South Wales, pp. 171-270. Viljoen, J Dann, S 2000, ‘Process of Strategic Management’, Strategic Management: planning and implementing successful corporate strategies, 3rd edn, Pearson Education Australia, New South Wales, pp. 45-89. Research Papers on Management and Organisational PlanningThe Project Managment Office SystemLifes What IfsBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaResearch Process Part OneStandardized TestingOpen Architechture a white paperMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New Employees

Arguing The Ethics Of Abortion Philosophy Essay

Arguing The Ethics Of Abortion Philosophy Essay According to Don Marquis, the majority of abortions are seriously immoral and should fall under the same moral category as killing innocent human adults. His central argument revolves around the idea that it is prima facie wrong to kill adult humans because doing so results in the victim’s loss of the value of its future. He concludes that it is therefore prima facie wrong to kill fetuses because it also results in a loss of a valuable â€Å"future life like ours.† However, Judith Thompson and Margaret Little are able to provide more reasonable arguments for what should be considered the most important factor in deciding how to deal with abortion. They may be more open-minded to abortion but do not feel as though abortion should always be permissible. After considering each argument, I have found that a woman’s right to have an abortion is determined by each situation and is simply a choice-which should not be taken lightly-that should be made solely by a pregna nt woman. Marquis simply fails to recognize that a woman has rights that can make abortion morally permissible upon declining to continue the extremely intimate period of gestation. Unlike Marquis, I believe abortion is not impermissible yet not always permissible either. Upon thorough inspection, I have found some flaws in Marquis’ argument. Marquis tries to argue that â€Å"personhood† is not the moral category in question with regards to the moral permissibility of abortion. But he claims that someone (the fetus) has a future like ours and therefore should not be deprived of such future. If personhood is irrelevant, then it is unclear that there actually is someone (a person) who can be deprived of such things. At one point Marquis even says that morally permissible abortions would be rare under his argument-unless they occurred early enough in pregnancy when a fetus is not yet a definite â€Å"individual.† So, is personhood important to him or not? What does he mean by â€Å"individual†? Further complications ensue from his argument. In addition to assuming that a fetus is not a person yet still has a right to life because with their death comes a deprivation of a future like ours, people who use Marquis’ argument could then argue that it is wrong to â€Å"kill† fertilized, but not yet implanted, eggs. Is it then wrong to use contraceptives because possible egg and sperm pairs (zygotes) are prevented from having a future like ours? Marquis says that the immorality of contraception cannot be argued for with his â€Å"future-like-ours† analysis because there is no identifiable subject that can suffer this loss. However, neither the potential person (fetus with a future-like-ours) or the possible person (zygote prevented by contraception) actually exist. Because of this, it becomes difficult to understand how a potential person can be a subject of harm anymore than a possible person can. Therefore, the question of existence is being asked here because it seems as if potential persons (and their futures alike) are only possible things, not actual existing things. If this is so, then is there really a subject of harm?