Definition and Examples of Doublespeak

Doublespeak is  language  thats intended to deceive or confuse people. The words used in doublespeak can often be understood in more than one way.   Doublespeak in English Doublespeak may take the form of  euphemisms, unsupported generalizations, or deliberate  ambiguity. Contrast with  plain English. William Lutz has defined  doublespeak  as language which pretends to  communicate  but doesnt.The word  doublespeak  is a  neologism  based on the  compounds  Newspeak  and  Doublethink  in George Orwells novel  1984  (1949), though Orwell himself never used the term. Examples and Observations of Doublespeak Political language . . . is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind. (George Orwell, Politics and the English Language, 1946)Employing Orwellian doublespeak, the Texas Department of Agriculture issued a press release that simultaneously touted its efforts to combat  child  obesity while also  lifting a decade-old ban  on deep fat fryers in public schools. Because nothing slims a child’s waist faster than a helping of French fries. (Mark Bittman, What We’re Reading Now.  The New York Times, June 25, 2015) William Lutz on Doublespeak Doublespeak  is  language  which pretends to communicate but doesnt. It is  language  which makes the bad seem good, the negative seem positive, the unpleasant seem unattractive, or at least tolerable. It is  language  which avoids, shifts or denies responsibility; language which is at variance with its real or purported meaning. It is  language  which conceals or prevents thought. Doublespeak is all around us. We are asked to check our packages at the desk for our convenience when its not for our convenience at all but for someone elses convenience. We see advertisements for preowned, experienced or previously distinguished cars, not used cars and for genuine imitation leather, virgin vinyl or real counterfeit diamonds. (William Lutz, Doubts About Doublespeak.  State Government News, July 1993) With  doublespeak, banks dont have bad loans or bad debts; they have nonperforming assets or nonperforming credits which are rolled over or rescheduled.(William Lutz,  The New Doublespeak. HarperCollins, 1996)War and PeaceI reminded [the soldiers] and their families that the war in Iraq is really about peace.(President George W. Bush, April 2003) A Dehumanizing Language A  dehumanising  system requires a  dehumanising  language. So familiar and pervasive has this language become that it has soaked almost unnoticed into our lives. Those who do have jobs are also described by the function they deliver to capital. These days they are widely known as human resources. The living world is discussed in similar terms. Nature is natural capital. Ecological processes are ecosystem services, because their only purpose is to serve us. Hills, forests and rivers are described  in government reports  as green infrastructure.  Wildlife and habitats are asset classes  in an ecosystems market. . . . Those who kill for a living employ similar terms. Israeli military commanders described the massacre of 2,100 Palestinians, most of whom were civilians (including 500 children), in Gaza this summer as mowing the lawn. . . . The army has developed a technique it calls  Shake ‘n Bake: flush people out with phosphorus, then kill them with high explosives. Shake ‘n Bake is a product made by Kraft Foods for coating meat with breadcrumbs before cooking it. Terms such as these are designed to replace mental images of death and mutilation with images of something else. (George Monbiot, Cleansing the Stock’ and Other Ways Governments Talk About Human Beings.  The Guardian  [UK], October 21, 2014) Poker-Table Communication During the weeks of negotiations, the usual intercourse of policy deliberation . . . was interrupted. It was replaced by poker-table communication: Instead of saying what they wanted, Europe’s leaders engaged in  doublespeak, saying things publicly to strengthen their negotiating position in Brussels, even if those things were often at odds with their actual intent and thoughts. (Anna Sauerbrey, European Political Poker.  The New York Times, August 9, 2015) Fashionable Doublespeak [Umbro designer David] Blanch has employed an impressive amount of  doublespeak  to talk up the technological wizardry of his design. The shirts boast intelligent ventilation points, which look very much like arm holes to you and me. It incorporates tailored shoulder darts specifically designed to accommodate the biodynamics of the shoulder. Its hard to tell from the official pictures, but this ever-so-clever touch appears to be a seam. (Helen Pidd, New All-White England Kit.  The Guardian, March 29, 2009) President Harry Trumans Secretary of Semantics I have appointed a Secretary of  Semantics--a most important post. He is to furnish me with forty to fifty dollar words. Tell me how to say yes and no in the same sentence without a contradiction. He is to tell me the combination of words that will put me against inflation in San Francisco and for it in New York. He is to show me how to keep silent--and say everything. You can very well see how he can save me an immense amount of worry. (President Harry S Truman, December 1947. Quoted by Paul Dickson in  Words From the White House. Walker Company, 2013) Resisting Doublespeak What can the average  receiver  do about  doublespeak  and related scams, swindles, and deceptions, and what should the average persuader/advertiser/blogger and so on do to avoid engaging in it? The  Doublespeak Homepage  recommends asking the following questions about any piece of  persuasion  being received or planned:  1. Who is speaking to whom?  2. Under what conditions?  3. Under what circumstances?  4. With what intent?  5. With what results?If you cannot answer  all  these questions with ease, or if you feel uncomfortable with the answers, or if you cannot determine any answer to them, you are probably dealing with doublespeak. You had better be prepared to delve deeper, or if you are sending the message, youd better think about cleaning it up a bit. (Charles U. Larson,  Persuasion: Reception and Responsibility, 12th ed. Wadsworth, 2010)      See Examples and Observations below.  Also  see: Pronunciation:  DUB-bel SPEK Also Known  As:  double talk ApoplanesisBureaucrateseA Dictionary of Phony PhrasesGeorge Carlins Essential DrivelGeorge Orwells Rules for WritersGibberish  and  GobbledygookLexical AmbiguityMystification  and  SkotisonSoft LanguageSoggy Sweats Whiskey SpeechUnder the Flapdoodle Tree: Doublespeak, Soft Language, and GobbledygookVaguenessWhat Are Weasel Words?Why Youll Never Be Told, Youre Fired

The Video And The Impact It Has Left On Me - 999 Words

When I first walked into class this January I knew little if anything, about Africa, geographically and culturally speaking. At first I was hesitant about being able to relate to a culture that seemed so different than anything I am, accustom to, now in retrospect I understand how naive and ignorant those feelings were. Four months later, I am able to walk away with a solid appreciate for the many different African cultures and relevant issues. The countries that seemed so foreign to me now ring a bell when I watch the news. After having the opportunity to re-watch same video we watched on our first day of class, I could not help but notice how far I have come in grasping the idea of the African diaspora. In this essay, I will discuss the video and the impact it has left on me, I will reflect on the issues we learned are impacting Africa today, and reveal major takeaways that will stick with me as I go into the real world. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie’s Ted Talk, The danger of a s ingle story, is something that I did not take all that seriously on the first day of class. I had little knowledge regarding the African culture and customs. â€Å"I must say that before I went to the US, I didn’t consciously identify as African.† Adichie’s story struck me, as someone who had grown up in Africa she knew a lot about our culture through books, yet little about her own culture. She also explains how her college roommate ‘felt sorry for her even before she saw her†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. She goes on as explainingShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Video Videos On Children832 Words   |  4 Pageswith crappy audio and video and then being asked to develop something out of it; and that happens far too often. But in your case, with the mic issues and the audio, sometimes those are salvageable; It s about whether or not the kid knew what he was doing. 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When Art Speaks an Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art Free Essays

When Art Speaks: An Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art Wanda M. Argersinger Southern New Hanpshire University When Art Speaks The Italian Renaissance produced many artists and even more works of art, but there were three artists considered to be the Trinity of Great Masters, Michelangelo, Leonardo da Vinci and Raffaelo Santi, or simply Raphael. While these artists often worked in different mediums, Michelangelo preferred stone and Raphael preferred oil paint. We will write a custom essay sample on When Art Speaks: an Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art or any similar topic only for you Order Now Michelangelo and Raphael were able to portray emotions in their work. In two of these works, The Pieta and La Madonna di San Sisto, these artists were able to bring to works of art the raw emotions felt by their subjects. Though their works are quite different, what they portrayed was often quite similar. One of Raphael’s works called Raphael’s Angels (San Sisto, 1513-1514), speaks to me in many ways. I was familiar with these two cherubs in the Sistine Madonna as they are often copied and hung in offices and homes. But it was only recently that I discovered that these two smiling cherubs belong to a larger work of art. These two well-known cherubs are part of a larger oil painting done on canvas titled La Madonna di San Sisto or Sistine Madonna. It was a commissioned piece and the last of Raphael’s Madonnas. When the cherubs are seen alone they are often called Raphael’s Angels, The Sistine Cherubs, and Raphael’s Two Putti. Most of the works of art during the Renaissance had strong religious connections and were done for the church with the intent that it would reside in the church. When we think of this period in art we most often think of Michelangelo’s Sistine Chapel. While Raphael’s Sistine Madonna is in oil, it was done on a flax covered wall in the Benedictine monastery church and was not permanent. The full painting, The Sistine Madonna, shows Mary holding the baby Jesus, sans halo, with two Saints. The cherubs sit at the very bottom of the picture, almost out of place. Their cherubic faces and expressions, in my opinion, belie the magnificence and holiness of the rest of the art work. They look puzzled and somewhat bored, a bit mischievous and not at all reverent. The colors are similar to others used during this period but do not contain all the colors used by Michelangelo in his painting of The Sistine Chapel. They are not bright or harsh, but rather muted. There is sparing use of red and blue, but show more use of brown and gold. The curtains and clothes are dark. The images have little shadowing, showing only under the feet of Mary and one of the saints. The lines of the painting show an opened curtain and clouds on which Mary and the saints stand. The cherubs appear to be leaning on a solid surface that is, in fact, the very bottom of the painting, which is the only straight line of the piece. The clothes appear to be flowing, captured by the use of curved lines and shadowing in the folds. The light source appears to be the clouds which are the brightest of the piece. Personally, it is the cherubs that speak to me, and not the entire work of art. I like the playfulness they show in their eyes. I like the idea that not all religious work is completely serious and that some fun exists in religion. Intellectually, I wonder what the purpose Raphael had in including them in a Church commissioned work. This work is much like other works of the time – religious in nature, done in oil, and displayed in a house of worship. No doubt that Rafael was influenced by other artists and the trend in art of the time, and yet from this one work of art, it appears that the artist himself shows his own unique style simply by including the cherubs and their quizzical looks. During this same time period, the famous Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel. Though he may be remembered as a painter, he considered himself a sculptor and completed many statues during his lifetime. One in particular, his Pieta, (Rome, 1498) speaks to me in many ways. The Pieta is a marble statue of Mary holding Christ after he was removed from the cross. He lies straddled across her lap with her looking down on him with a solemn face and closed eyes. When looking at the piece it would be difficult not to see the pain of a woman who has lost someone dear to them. Certainly you can see the grief of Mary for the loss of Jesus, but you can also see the grief of many women who have lost someone they love. I am reminded of all women who grieve for the loss of a child. Done in marble, the statue appears to glisten in places and yet seems darker and in others. The lines capture the image of the human form and the folds of the clothes Mary wears. The hard stone she sits upon is barely seen and does not distract from the movement of the other aspects of the piece. Her face appears shaded under the scarf on her head, while light reflects off the body of Christ. The statue shows marvelous detail of Christ’s body including the holes in his hands where he was nailed to the cross. Upon close observance of the statue one can see that Mary does not touch Jesus skin to skin but has a garment under her right hand, while her left hand is away from the body with her palm up. During his life Michelangelo worked for the church under Pope Julius II and for the Medici family that ruled Rome. The majority of his work was religious in nature, as seen in The Pieta and another famous sculpture he did of David. He designed the tombs for the Medici family and also the Medici Chapel. Michelangelo’s work, along with Raphael’s works, follow the works of the time, most being not only religious in nature, but based on the Christian religion and following stories from the Bible. Both painting and sculpting were popular forms of art and capturing the body through use of religious figures played a major part in the subject matters. Whether done in marble, clay, or oil, the pieces of art capture the emotions of life, the human form in almost absolute detail, and the thoughts of society at the time. With Italy being the center of Catholicism and home to the main church, it is no wonder that the majority of the art works during this period are religious in nature. Add to that the fact that many of the pieces were commissioned by one or more arms of the church religion was certainly the major influence on many of the artists. Topalski, Art In Creation, Rapahel’s Angels, Retrieved from http://www. topalski. com/2012/artworks-in-progress-fine-art-in-creation/raphael%E2%80%99s-angels/ Garden of Praise, Pieta, Retrieved from http://www. gardenofpraise. com/art50. htm How to cite When Art Speaks: an Analysis of Two Artist and Two Works of Art, Papers

Advantages Disadvantages Geographic Filing -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Advantages Disadvantages Geographic Filing? Answer: Introducation The Geographic Information System or GIS is the device on the basis of computers. They have been helping the users for collecting and storing any kind of data. In the GIS the electronic based representations are delivered accounting to the both earth and manmade characteristics. Significance of the research The integration of the system of software, hardware and the trained personnel that has been linking to various activities is termed under the Geographic Information System or GIS. This has been including the facility, utility, image, demographic and the other resource information referenced geographically. The GIS has been integrated collection of the data and software. It has visually organizing data across the concepts of the geographic space and location. The research has been useful for geographical analysis. This also includes the database management, map making and geospatial statistics. The research aims at the following aspects. Studying the distribution of populations Studying the distribution of the populations Finding the optimal location to start the locating any event or business Studying the physical features of the natural phenomena and the earth Identifying the markets to the target Identifying the geographic patterns such as clustering Determining the best paths or routes to follow Tying together the distinct pieces of data for creating the new information Creating the maps How original is the approach? The originality of the research has been lying in the applications such as containing the links to the GIS initiatives by state health departments, federal government for providing the instances in various ways. In this way the technology management could be applied to various kinds of data systems. The publications have been ye providing the links to the professionals publishing the GIS research. The funding has been providing the users with the present GIS funding scopes and program announcements. The research provides suggestions for how the funding could be obtained and then lists the presently funded GIS grants. Literature review in the area what you are working "Research Guides: Mapping and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): What is GIS?", Researchguides.library.wisc.edu, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/GIS. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. The GIS could be used as the tool to solve problems and make decisions. It has been visualizing the data in the spatial scenario. The geospatial data could be analyzed for finding the relationship and location of the features. This has been including they were the least of highest of the features has been existing. There has been also the density of the features in a particular space, happenings inside the area of interest, near some phenomenon or feature. Lastly it also included the change in a particular area. "7 Stories Showing the Strength of GIS", Gim-international.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.gim-international.com/content/news/7-stories-that-show-the-strength-of-gis. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. The geographic information system has been allowing the people to analyze and view the data that has been overlaid maps and make connections. This has between the activities based on the geographic proximity. The researchers have been using the GIS mapping for about more than a couple of decades. This has been done on a wide range of contexts like military modeling and simulation. This has been on the healthcare quality and delivery. It has documented the demographic and the neighborhood changes. [3]"Geographic Information Systems | News, Videos Articles", Global News, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://globalnews.ca/tag/geographic-information-systems/. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. The anniversary logo of Canadas 150 th anniversary has been uploaded into the GIS software. This has helped the technicians to program the proper GPS coordinated to the on board computer into the combine. As the combine has been positioned at the proper starting point, the GPS program turned the wheel and investigated itself for over four hours to finish the 500 meter broad image The research has not considered the expensiveness of the software. It has overlooked the huge data inputs required to be practical for other tasks. The research has considered the earth to be round. These errors might occur has the get into the larger scale. The aims of the research are described below: The research aims to improve the organizational integration. Thus GIS could be able to integrate hardware, software and data for capturing, managing and analyzing every kind of data referenced integration. It must be solving all the queries through looking at the data quickly and easily shared. Material Methods Here the techniques, workflows and data flows are included in the GIS data collection. This process has been referred to as the data conversion, transfer, digitizing, translation and many more Data Collection The data collection methods are discussed hereby. Planning: This includes the garnering resources and user requirements. Preparation: This includes the obtaining of data, editing of the scanned map images, redrafting of the poor-quality map sources, setting of proper GIS hardware and the software systems for accepting the data. Digitizing and transferring: Here most of the efforts are to be expended. Editing and improvement: It has covering various tools designs for validate the data and improve quality. Evaluation: It is the process to identify the success and failure of the project. Data Inclusion Criteria Here the secondary sources like the digital and the analog datasets are used to capture. This has been needed to convert into a proper digital form to use in a GIS project. Selected Attribute Description Attribute Name Data Type Description Documents secondary They are scanned to decrease the wear and tear, and increase the access and deliver the integrated storage of storage. Film, paper maps, images and aerial photographs secondary They are scanned and then geo-referenced such that they deliver the geographic context for the additional data. Maps, aerial photographs and images These are needed to be scanned before the vectorization. Secondary vector data capture This includes the data capturing through the various digitizing the vector objects from the maps and the other geographic data sources. Data Analysis The collaborative project has constituted the decision-making approach that has been data driven. This is done by using the small area risk factors. Here the spatial forms of the data are utilized to assess the phenomenon around the space and make the informed decisions. This is done about the most proper system-wide and individual responses. The small area factors of risk are utilized for taking the benefits of the available resources of the information,. This is to improve the impact, provision and planning at the state and the national level. The secondary data analysis is used to facilitate the geography based necessity assessment. This has showed the large areas of risk overlapping the spatial clusters of the users. One of the important necessities for the secondary data entry has been the common identifier also known as the key. This is used to relate the object attributes and geometry together following the data capture. The research has resulted in financial the way in which the Web2.0 technologies could enable the individual projects and the organizations to use the users to collect information around the large variety of the geographic and thematic areas. Most of the common principles for the GIS project could be applied to the data collection. This includes the need for the easily articulated plan, sufficient resources, proper funding and the enough time. It has helped in making the important decisions for the managers whether to undergo the strategy of the incremental or the very quick collection. The research also helps to find how to find the decision whether the data collection could be used in house or the external resources. Discussion The research reveals that the GIS could visualize the spatial information. It has the efficiency to generate the maps with the images displayed. It could be used for various ranges of tasks involving the geography. It has been providing the solutions for the problems and could model the seismic activities precisely. The technology has been offering time managing, offering the quick collection of the data. It has been presenting the data catalog, high accuracy and displaying better analysis and predictions. It has improving the organizational integration and integrates the data software and hardware to capture, analyze and manage. It has been displaying all kinds of geographically referenced information. The research has helped to answer the queries and resolve the issues through looking at the data the way that is understood quickly and shared easily. It could be integrated into the Enterprise Information Framework. The research data could also used in the natural resource management including the hill-slope gradients, stream networks, stream gradients, aspects and the GIS information that is vector like the stream channels. However it must be reminded that the GIS have been very costly software. It has needed huge amount of data inputs that are to be practical for some tasks. The GIS signal also needs to found at the remote sectors. This could be relied on and the error gets increased as one gets into the larger scale since the earth is round. The funding of GIS is also important since it has been costly and there could be the loss of knowledge of geography. Moreover, the GIS layers have been causing few expensive mistakes. This takes place as the property agents interpret the GIS map or the engineers design round the utility lines of the GIS. Further the availability of the data has been an important problem. As the data is unavailable the GIS systems turns to be useless. It has been also seen that the GIS has been technical in nature and could portray the results being more reliable that they actually have been. The errors and the assumptions could be hidden. This has been leading to the lack of quest ioning into the outcomes. Lastly another problem to analyze the results from the GIS is proper depending on the data they have been coming from. Conclusions It could be concluded by saying that despite the major advances, the spatial statistical capacity of the typical software has been relatively restricted. The research has shown that the integration of the extended spatial statistical or analytical capabilities with the different various visualization and the data discovery tools has been the upcoming frontier for GIS. Moreover, the study has analyzed the practical issues related to the controlling of the data capture projects. The paper has highlighted the activities of various departments that have integrated GIS successfully in their daily activities through the literature review. The intention of the research has been deliver the sense to excite the potential and possibilities held by GIS to improve the public health practice. Moreover, it has provided the clear view into the resource implications and challenges to implement the technology at various settings. References [1]"Research Guides: management and Geographic Information Systems (GIS): What is GIS?",Researchguides.library.wisc.edu, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://researchguides.library.wisc.edu/GIS. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [2]"7 Stories Showing the Strength of GIS",Gim-international.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.gim-international.com/content/news/7-stories-that-show-the-strength-of-gis. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [3]"Geographic Information Systems | News, Videos Articles",Global News, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://globalnews.ca/tag/geographic-information-systems/. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [4]N. Sipe and P. Dale, "Cite a Website - Cite This For Me", 2017. [5]H. Soffar, H. Soffar, H. Soffar and H. Soffar, "GIS Data ( Geographic Information Systems ) uses , advantages and disadvantages | Science online",Science online, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.online-sciences.com/technology/gis-data-geographic-information-systems-uses-advantages-and-disadvantages/. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [6]"What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Geographic Filing? | Techwalla.com",Techwalla, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.techwalla.com/articles/what-are-the-advantages-and-disadvantages-of-geographic-filing. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [7]"Geographic Information System (GIS)",Environment-ecology.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://environment-ecology.com/geographical-information-systems-gis/579-geographic-information-system-gis.html. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [8]"Top Five Benefits of GIS",GIS and economics, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://gisandscience.com/2009/09/14/top-five-benefits-of-gis/. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [9]"Geographic Information Systems and Public Health: Benefits and Challenges",National Collaborating Centre for Infectious Diseases, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://nccid.ca/publications/geographic-information-systems-and-public-health-benefits-and-challenges/. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017]. [10]"Geographic Information Systems (GIS) | In-Service ICT Training for Environmental Professionals",Isepei.org, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://isepei.org/technologies/gis. [Accessed: 06- Oct- 2017].

Budgets Cuts and Their Negative Effect on School Essay Example

Budgets Cuts and Their Negative Effect on School Essay BUdget Budget Cuts Affect School Education Negatively By Jose Valdez English Composition 10/15/12 Everybody has their own hopes and dreams, which being having a stable job or being the next Neil Armstrong this is becoming is less likely thanks to the budget cuts to educations. If budgets cuts continue our dreams wont be chosen but pre-determent brought by the limitation of education. How do we know the student being limited education won’t be the next president? Budgets cuts are affecting schools nationwide. Starting early is a key element in a student’s development in their education and studies and will pre set how well they can understand and complete tasks. Since doing mathematical equations or learning about our past presidents is not equally as fun as playing video games is tend to be hard to keep students interested. Since technology is advancing in a fast pace is easier to make learning fun and twice as evident. Since everything cost money the budget cuts don’t allow this methods to be tested or use which leaving student to just to glide thru elementary not learning how beneficial and fun education can be and show them how dreaming can pay off. Besides budget cuts teaching is pointless to dream it has made countless of school close mostly elementary since according to Budget And Policy Priorities more than two thirds of the states are providing each student with the amount they provided in 2008 which is about 250 dollars per student, per year. We will write a custom essay sample on Budgets Cuts and Their Negative Effect on School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Budgets Cuts and Their Negative Effect on School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Budgets Cuts and Their Negative Effect on School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer So each student is receiving about 200 or so per year which is not enough which means another student funding is being use which put the second student who’s fun is being use for the other student with less money for their education which is leaving a never ending domino effect. No wonder school are closing they don’t have enough money to support their current student or the future student leaving students with no school or just putting their dreams on hold. Not only that but since more schools are closing, school lunches and breakfast may be the only meals for some of these student and since there is no school there is no meal for the student who really need them. So budget cuts are not only taken away student’s dreams but their meals as well. Is sad how politicians prefer to fill their pockets instead of kid’s stomach Who ever were lucky to have gone elementary and graduate has the privilege to fight for a spot in middle school. Since budget cuts limit space and class sizes in schools now in days it has become more of a warzone during registration and anxious parents hopping to get a spot for their children and not having to come back next year leaving their kids to lose the knowledge they gain and maybe their only meal. Knowledge is like a pencil if it’s not sharpens once in a while it looses its point. For the lucky few who get a spot now will have to suffer threw class sizes of 40 or more students. With bigger size classes it has become harder for them to get help from their teacher since the teacher has to divide their attention equally to 40 or more students. Leaving the student with unanswered question and which may lead the student not understanding the material. Since there varieties of ways to get help with school work most of them been cut like tutors due to school budgets leaving students unattended and to fend for them self. Budget cuts not only affect students but teacher as well because like grading papers was not hard enough imagine grading 40 or more students papers which lead to teachers to be behind schedule and not letting them advance in their teachings which in the student suffer since they don’t learn. Since now students have 6 classes now they will have to have 6 different textbooks and thanks to budget cuts most students will only get one copy which will be use for school and home they will have to carry with them everyday. Textbook that may be up to date or miss dated or miss treated. Imagine the strain they poor backs must suffer all thanks that budget cuts wont allow them to have a copy of the book in class. Budget cuts are forcing students to not only to learn on their own but as well to carry largely heavy books that may really hurt their backs. After most students have finish middle which seems more like home school than a regular middle school they will have they will have to go threw the same process that they went thru middle school registration. Since the main focus for high school is to get high school student ready for college. Which mean teaching student what classes they need to take, what requirement is needed to attend certain colleges. The basic each future college attendee should know. Since budget cuts have limit or cut college prep classes most student go thru high school not knowing how to go to college and for most those classes can be the difference of graduating or not graduating. Since budgets cuts are taking away not only the college prep classes but as well as excellent teachers’ we have un experience teachers teaching classes they have no experience on. Which miss lead student to false or little information. Thanks as well budget cuts has cut the school year by almost one month forcing teacher to shove lectures down student throats and making students swallow the teaching whole with out no time to chew or process all the info there being fed and they ask why we do so poorly on test. The budget cuts has force education to be taught in an inefficient way, which is shown on our test scores, which affect the student for a better chance at a college of their choice, which only will limit their dreams and hopes. After student go thru the pain of college application and waiting thru the pain and hopping the budget has not taking a toll in there chance of getting into the college of there dreams . Which seems more and more are not getting to their desire college because they where unprepared mentally or finically which is all thanks to budget cuts. Since most don’t get to the college of their dreams they will have to go with their back up plan being junior college or trade school. Which work for other but not the plan they hope for. If school was not expensive enough for student who does attend a Cal State or UC they always have the fear of intuition always going up which again is thanks again to the budget cuts. Since most student depend on financial aid to help them pay thru school most of the student are receiving less on less of finial aid and more and more student loans. For which most student is okay since in the end its worth it but t the point of college is to get student started to the carrier of their dream how are they suppose to do that when they have students loan breathing behind their backs. Most students can just hope to fins a job to start paying off their loans as soon as possible which most do find and which most don’t. According to Washington Post 1 out of 2 college graduates are under paid or are underplayed so meaning it will take longer for them to pay their students loans or will some will have them for live. When most student think the nightmare of struggling for classes and learning is over they go to college to see students fighting for classes. The states are higher in for classes since one class can mean the difference from graduating or having to put your future until the needed class is available. Thanks to budget cuts limiting how many of each certain class there can be really has put many college students dreams into hold. Since most people think all students are the same and don’t think don’t school is realy important maybe the school budget cuts funding can be places some where else where they were really appreciate being back into the communities. Which little do they know helping student will benefit the community twice as much. As a student I’m affected by the budget cuts, as a student I cant understand the pain of other student go thru thanks to the budget cuts who. I lived thru the warzone of registration, the mass of classes of students I had to sit by an Thanks to budget cuts it has force to change when I will retire when I can have a stable job or future. It has changed how much I will have to pay since now I see now matter how much of a stable of a job I will have will never be a stable job since I will be paying a debt that maybe will take a life time to pay off. I will always told school was affordable but was I lied to or thanks to budget it has made our schools and teachers to liars. Since students loans has its limit it has force me to get a full time job to help pay for school. Which has made a big strain on me since I barely get any sleep. Budget cuts don’t only affect your pocket put your health, budgets cuts has become a disease that is out of control and if we don’t but a stop to it more student will suffer like I am. I have to little sister who are in elementary in a few years they will be going to middle school, then high school and so on. I don’t want them to go thru fighting for a spot in classes or seeing their hope and dreams crush or put on hold since some greedy politicians find having big pockets are more important than students future. Budget cuts it’s a disease that affects student hope and dreams. They force student to learn own their own and affect their help being by getting no sleep or carrying heavy books. Forcing them to work hours to pay for school since school should be a reward for their hard work. Budget will force school grounds to be a warzone one day since most student will have to start fighting for there future which is shouldn’t be that way every student should have the equal opportunity as any student to try to build there hope and dreams and how far they go will be up to them. How do we know thank to budget cuts we denied the next best president to be born or the person who will find the cure for cancer show his idea to make a world a better place. Budget cuts don’t only affect student but the future of the world and the economy. Citations Education funding drops in more than half of states. (2012, September 5). Huff Post. Klein, A. (1992, August 18). Federal Education Cuts . Education Wee, pp. 5-5. Hope, Y. (2012, April 22). In Weak Job Market, One In Two College Graduates Are     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jobless Or Underemployed. Huff Post. Center on BUdget and Policy Prioreties. (2012, September 4). New school year     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  brings more cuts in state funding for schools [Editorial]. Retrieved from     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Center on Budget and Policy Prioreties website: http://www. cbpp. org/cms/     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  index. cfm? fa=viewamp;id=3825

Pride and Prejedice character essays

Pride and Prejedice character essays In Jane Austin's novel, Pride and Prejudice, the character portrayed by Mr Darcy embodies many of the values, personality traits, manners, and attitudes that were considered admirable in the period in which novel was set. Initially, his character is decided as proud with a cold demeanour and had he not been rich, hardly worth being acquainted with. Elizabeth's re evaluation of his character later on in the novel, reveals the generosity, respect and dignity that the reader comes to know of Mr Darcy. By comparing Mr Darcy with a comic character such as Mr Collins the reader develops an awareness of the admirable qualities possessed by a man in the eighteenth century. Mr Collins is a self important, tiresome character in whom the reader feels no pity. His absurd attitudes towards love and life can not be likened to our own. Mr Darcy's cold manner is evident from the first dance where his strong face of pride disguises his character. His determination to be distant and unreproachable lost the good opinion of the Bennets when he considered it beneath himself to dance. "...at such an assembly as this, it would be insupportable...I am in no humour at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men." (p59) He was prejudice in his views of Elizabeth, as he believed it would be against his morals to be intimately acquainted with a woman of her status and low connections. He tries to shut out any possible feeling for her. "To this discovery came succeeded some others equally mortifying... he was forced to acknowledge her figure to be light and pleasing... her manners were not of the fashionable world, he was caught by their easy playfulness." (p70) The use of the words 'mortifying', 'forced' and 'caught' confirms to the reader that his positive comments were from his heart although h is reason and pride rejected the ideas. Through Jane Austin's use of direct and indirect ...

Sociological concepts and perspectives from the media Essay

Sociological concepts and perspectives from the media - Essay Example Author and date: Jimmy Wales, 1 March 2011 Source: Guardian online newspaper at http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2011/mar/01/plagiarism-education-web-wiki-follies The central issue in this article is the problem of people using the web to find and copy material from and passing it off as their own in their academic works, in other words, the problem of plagiarism using web-based sources. It is shown that new online tools are now being used to detect such incidents. The Internet is blamed for fostering â€Å"a cut-and-paste culture of uncritical plagiarism†. The problem is particularly evident among school and university students who copy material directly from sites such as Wikipedia. Two such cases of plagiarism are mentioned involving prominent people. In the first, the German defence minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg was found to have plagiarised parts of his PhD from the University of Bayreuth, and consequently resigned. In the second, Saif Gaddafi is mentioned as possibly also having plagiarised his PhD thesis at the London School of Economics. These cases were exposed using specially created wikis on a site named PlagiPedia to handle the large-scale collaborative effort. They used Google Docs earlier but it was found to be only suitable for small group collaboration. The first case took two weeks of effort led by the university â€Å"to identify the specific sections from this thesis that were lifted straight from other sources†. Over 40,000 comments and twelve hundred pages of details of the accusations were compiled. The media and computing professor at the university remarked how fast the revocation decision had been reached. Similar tools are also now available for exposing plagiarism in the media following the unveiling of a ‘churn engine’ called churnalism.com by Britain’s Media Standards Trust. Press releases can now be checked to find out â€Å"the extent to which they have been recycled, verbatim, in on line news articles†. The possibilities brought about by the new online tools are likened to the revolutions currently taking place in the Middle East in which sites such as Twitter and Facebook are playing significant roles. Whereas previously there were typically small committees of experts checking for plagiarism, it is now possible to allow larger collaborative efforts, which are far more effective. However, as pointed out, while such sites can help to initiate activism, ultimately it is the network of people who really know each other face-to-face that bring about the change. This articles highlights two points. Firstly, the ease with which people can plagiarism using web-based sources and secondly, the newer collaboration tools that now make it possible to detect issues of plagiarism. The first shows a modern form of deviance whereby people can get easy access to information and also think they can easily get away with it. The second demonstrates the powerful potential of online collaboration, which is a form of social interaction. In both cases, the Internet plays the central role as the medium of global information and communication. The issue also highlights the need to rethink educational practices and mass media reporting processes. Either plagiarism should be detected more readily to stamp out the practice or the seriousness of the issue should be seen as lending support for completely replacing coursework with exams. Article 2: Youth Culture

Exam Two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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The Concept of Bureaucracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of Bureaucracy - Essay Example These symptoms characterize the conduct disorder. Cartier’s mother sent him to a treatment home for the troubled children when he was seven years old (Stillman 62). At sixteen years, Cartier’s father took care of him after receiving care in several state-supported treatment institutions. Cartier joined a dangerous gang after dropping out of school where he recorded numerous criminal charges throughout Massachusetts. His relationships with women matched his violent and deviant conduct he displayed to the society. Before Cartier dated Lardner, he had a relationship with Ryan Rose, which turned violent when it began (Stillman 65). Cartier turned mentally and physically abusive and violent to Ryan and regularly threatened her safety on many instances. After terminating their relationship, Ryan sought a restraint order against Cartier who was on probation at the time (Stillman 67). Cartier’s probation officer directed a warrant for his immediate apprehension. Cartier would serve a prison sentence of a year and three months soon after his arrest but served only six months. Cartier continued pestering Ryan while in the penitentiary and continued transgressing the restraining order. On his release, the Essex County administrators further apprehended him for a previous transgression of his probation, but they gave him a shortened sentence. The relationship between Cartier and Lardner matched that of him with Ryan. Kristin sought for protection from the police force and the criminal justice entity (Stillman 64). Kristin’s safety was under constant jeopardy brought about by poor bureaucratic decisions from multiple agencies. Such bureaucracies failed through utilizing their own standardized practice procedures. The case study for how Kristin died reveals several core decisions that bureaucracies such as public administrators and street-level bureaucrats made and that contributed to Kristin’s

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay

Mobile Robotic Arm Motivation Computer Science Essay Robotics is technology that deals with the design, construction and operation of  robots  that are used in numerous applications is called robotics. It has become an unstoppable force in the development of modern machinery as they make life easier. It is an interesting topic to dwell in as it is the future of mankind. Although we know them as recent inventions, the idea of automated or controlled machines has fascinated humans. With this fascination it motivated me to work on this project, building and programming a mobile robotic arm. It is my hunger to learn and attain knowledge that drives me towards this field of study for my project. C:UsersDanDesktopImages21042010(002).jpg Figure 1.1.1 : Mobile Robotic Arm 1.2 Introduction to Robotics Robotics is an interesting topic of research. Basically it is an engineering field that is concerned with research and creation of robots for various applications. Robots are machines that consist of electronic and mechanical parts such as gears and cogs put together for performing tasks in place of humans. They can be programmed to perform a whole range of tasks with ease. They are most desired for certain functions because they never tire, they can endure harsh physical conditions that is possibly life threatening and they never get bored or distracted from repetitious work. The number of robots has begun to increase in numbers everywhere as they make human labour almost non-existent with their efficiency and throughput. They can work with the simplest of materials to the most dangerous such as radioactive materials. They can be found more commonly in industrial use from production lines of factories to harvesting of fruits in orchards. In domestic use, from vacuum cleaning to lawn mowing where these domestic tasks have become boring for a human to undertake and would rather leave it to robots. In the more modern military use, robots play an important role to reduce human casualties from dangerous jobs such as bomb defusal and not forgetting space exploration where it might not be possible for humans to explore and for collecting terrain sample from foreign planets. For exploring enemy territories unmanned aerial vehicles are used from which these pilotless drones can search terrains for hostiles and fire on targets. Robots are meant to complete tasks that it is programmed to do. Programs can always be altered to suit the task at hand. As robots become more advanced they gain more features such as sensors and artificial intelligence as they become more human like. Examples of sensors include motion sensors, temperature sensors, light and many more various types. For example, in pathfinder robots we usually find a motion sensor which aids a robot in avoiding obstacles. In other applications for example in a water tank when the water has reached a certain level the sensor enables the robot to stop the flow of water. It can be used in industrial applications such as gripping objects from conveyor belts or it can be used in a more advanced role such as bomb defusal, where it would be dangerous for a human to interact. With camera attachments, humans can control these machines from a safe distance while completing the task at hand in a safe and efficient manner. In the medical field where a more delicate touch is required, a robotic arm can perform tiny incisions for a less invasive method. With a robotic arm jobs can be done with ease and efficiency and thus eliminate human errors and the costs that come with those errors. http://www.engr.colostate.edu/~dga/mech324/handouts/linkage_stuff/Mars_rover.png Figure 1.2.1 : Mars Rover 1.3 Objectives The aim of this project is to build a robotic arm for the purpose of lifting and moving small objects. It is just like a human arm with joints to facilitate movement. The end attachment features a gripper which is able to grab and hold objects and also a probe light in order to work in low light scenarios. The arm is controlled via wired remote. It is rested on a mobile base which is fitted with 2 rear wheels and 2 robot castors at the front. This allows the robot to move to the desired location where the object is. The objectives of this project are: To understand and develop core knowledge in robotics. To apply the knowledge of robotics and design a prototype. To implement the designs and build an actual prototype. Figure 1.3.1 : Project Layout End Insert Instruction Codes into PIC Test Prototype Evaluate Coding in relation to hardware design Write Codes Discuss Movement Concept Propose Objectives1.4 Design Stage Figure 1.4.1 : Design Flow Chart This simple flowchart can explain the overall process involved in this project. After the objectives have been proposed the robot movement and motion concept is discussed and after that the codes are written. It is downloaded into the microcontroller for testing. If testing fails we return to the code stage and evaluate the coding. The process reaches the end after testing passes. Chapter 2: Robot Overview 2.1 Hardware Design This aim of this project is to design a mobile robotic arm. The arm part consists of two joints which enable 2 degree of movement and at the end of the top joint is a gripper which enables objects to be gripped by the attachment. The base has two wheels at the back and at the front two robot castors which has ball bearings underneath. This project involves two parts which is hardware and software. However both parts are intricately connected and it is hard to actually separate them completely. This report will focus more on the software aspect. There will be some minor hardware introduction as understanding of the hardware is required to work with the software. Here is the component list for the hardware: Component Amount Microcontroller PIC18F4520 1 Motor Driver SN754410 1 4.7k Ohm Resistor 1 1uF Capacitor 4 0.33uF Capacitor 1 0.1uF Capacitor 1 L7805 Voltage Regulator 1 20MHz Oscillator 1 9 Volt Battery 1 C40R Servo Motor 3 C55R Servo Motor 1 Servo Holder 4 Servo U Bracket 2 SPG10 Geared Motor 2 42mm Wheels 2 Robot Castors 2 Table 2.1.1 : Hardware Components To write the software one must be familiar with the hardware functionality, configuration and settings. The hardware of significant importance would be the microcontroller as the program is stored there. It sends the signal to the pins where other devices are connected. One of those devices is the servo motor. It is what controls the arm and base. Actual control of the servos is by buttons. Those buttons are connected to the microcontroller and is able to control the servo thru programming of the microcontroller. It is done by generating and manipulating PWM signals which will be discussed later. PROJECT BOARD 20.0 cm 24.0 cm 10.0 cm 25.6 cmTOP PROFILE.jpg Figure 2.1.1 : Robot Layout 2.2 Software Design After the purpose and specifications are determined it is time to plan and design the software. Most modern robots are controlled by sophisticated software. Creation and modification of the software is crucial to make machines work the way we want it to. There are many ways a machine can be programmed. The software is usually stored in the heart of the machine which is either a microprocessor or a microcontroller depending on what the machine does and how it works. That device is the brains of the robot as all the instructions are stored there. The software is the link for the user to the hardware as the program relays the instructions to the robot in machine code. The user writes the program in computer language which will then be converted into machine code by the compiler. There are many computer languages available to write programs such assembly, C, Pascal, BASIC and FORTH. For this project the microcontroller that is used is Microchips PIC18F4520. The language used to program the microcontroller is C. C is a simple and procedural language and it has influenced many later languages such Java. It is generally variable and function based. Values are stored in variables for easy access and it is structured by defining and calling functions to perform tasks. C allows precise control of the input and output. The input and output can be easily directed to the microcontroller terminals. The IDE (integrated development environment) that is used for this project is MPLAB which is a 32bit program used for the software development of this project along with the MPLAB C18 compiler add-on to allow the codes to be written in C . This is the screenshot of the development environment: C:UsersDanDesktopFYP ReportimagesUntitled.jpg Figure 2.2.1: MPLAB IDE The general idea of writing the program is to control the pins of the microcontroller. The robot arm mechanism and the base mechanism will be separated for easier explanation. The arm is made up of the 1st stage, 2nd stage, the left gripper and the right gripper. Control of the servos is by generating PWM signals which will be discussed in detail in chapter 4. By manipulation of these PWM signals we can control the servo movement to a certain angle with great precision. For the DC motors in the base, it is controlled via motor controller. By manipulating logic combinations we will be able to control the movement and direction of the base. Infinite loop to check for button press A button is pressed Necessary routine or function is called to move servo/ DC motor End Figure 2.2.2 : General Software Flowchart This is a general flowchart to represent the program flow. A while loop with an infinite condition is used to continuously check if a button has been pressed. If a button is pressed it will call the necessary function to run the specific device whether it is the servo or the DC motor. Chapter 3: Hardware Information 3.1 Microcontroller This project makes use of Microchip Technologys PIC18F4520 microcontroller. Lets discuss in detail what is a microcontroller and how it makes this project work. Notice that a microcontroller is chosen instead of a microprocessor for this project for a number of reasons. To make the choice, one must know the difference between a microcontroller and a microprocessor in terms of functionality and application. Both are typically a small computer in the form of an integrated circuit which contains things like registers, memory, I/O, interrupts and timers. They vary in terms of number of I/O, registers, clock speed and memory size. Microcontrollers are usually for cases that involve a lot of input output devices in contrast to a microprocessor which is usually used for heavy data applications. So that means microcontrollers dominate the robotics and automation industry. Lets examine closely what it looks like and the detailed features for this particular microcontroller, the PIC18F4520. Its versatility, robust nature and features contributed to the choosing of this IC. The detailed features along with its operation can be found in the datasheet for the microcontroller. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP ReportimagesPIC18F4520IP.jpg Figure 3.1.1 : PIC18F4250 Parameter Name   Value   Program Memory Type   Flash   Program Memory (KB)   32   CPU Speed (MIPS)   10   RAM Bytes   1,536   Data EEPROM (bytes)   256   Digital Communication Peripherals   1-A/E/USART, 1-MSSP(SPI/I2C)   Capture/Compare/PWM Peripherals   1 CCP, 1 ECCP   Timers   1 x 8-bit, 3 x 16-bit   ADC   13 ch, 10-bit   Comparators   2   Temperature Range (C)   -40 to 125   Operating Voltage Range (V)   2 to 5.5   Pin Count   40 Table 3.1.1 : PIC18F4250 Specifications Peripheral Highlights: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High-current sink/source 25 mA/25 mA à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Three programmable external interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Four input change interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Up to 2 Capture/Compare/PWM (CCP) modules, one with Auto-Shutdown (28-pin devices) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enhanced Capture/Compare/PWM (ECCP) module (40/44-pin devices only): One, two or four PWM outputs Selectable polarity Programmable dead time Auto-Shutdown and Auto-Restart à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Master Synchronous Serial Port (MSSP) module supporting 3-wire SPIà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (all 4 modes) and I2Cà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ Master and Slave Modes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Enhanced Addressable USART module: Supports RS-485, RS-232 and LIN 1.2 RS-232 operation using internal oscillator block (no external crystal required) Auto-Wake-up on Start bit Auto-Baud Detect à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 10-bit, up to 13-channel Analog-to-Digital Converter module (A/D): Auto-acquisition capability Conversion available during Sleep à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Dual analog comparators with input multiplexing) Power Managed Modes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Run: CPU on, peripherals on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Idle: CPU off, peripherals on à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sleep: CPU off, peripherals off à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Idle mode currents down to 5.8 ÃŽÂ ¼A typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Sleep mode current down to 0.1 ÃŽÂ ¼A typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Timer1 Oscillator: 1.8 ÃŽÂ ¼A, 32 kHz, 2V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Watchdog Timer: 2.1 ÃŽÂ ¼A à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two-Speed Oscillator Start-up Flexible Oscillator Structure: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Four Crystal modes, up to 40 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 4X Phase Lock Loop (available for crystal and internal oscillators) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two External RC modes, up to 4 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Two External Clock modes, up to 40 MHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Internal oscillator block: 8 user selectable frequencies, from 31 kHz to 8 MHz Provides a complete range of clock speeds from 31 kHz to 32 MHz when used with PLL User tuneable to compensate for frequency drift à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Secondary oscillator using Timer1 @ 32 kHz à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Fail-Safe Clock Monitor: Allows for safe shutdown if peripheral clock stops Special Microcontroller Features: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ C compiler optimized architecture: Optional extended instruction set designed to optimize re-entrant code à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash program memory typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM memory typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Flash/Data EEPROM Retention: 100 years typical à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self-programmable under software control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Priority levels for interrupts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ 8 x 8 Single-Cycle Hardware Multiplier à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Extended Watchdog Timer (WDT): Programmable period from 4 ms to 131s à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programmingà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ (ICSPà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢) via two pins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Wide operating voltage range: 2.0V to 5.5V à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable 16-level High/Low-Voltage Detection (HLVD) module: Supports interrupt on High/Low-Voltage Detection à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Programmable Brown-out Reset (BOR With software enable option Here is a list of pins and how they are connected in the circuit. Pin Name Pin Number (PDIP) Functions MCLR 1 Reset RA1 3 Servo PWM Input RA2 4 Servo PWM Input RA3 5 Servo PWM Input RA4 6 Servo PWM Input VDD 11 +5V VSS 12 Grounded OSC1 13 Oscillator Crystal/External Clock Input OSC2 14 Oscillator Crystal/External Clock Input RC0 15 IN2 of Motor Driver RC1 16 IN1 of Motor Driver RC3 18 IN4 of Motor Driver RD0 19 IN3 of Motor Driver VSS 31 Grounded VDD 32 +5V RB0 33 Motor Push Button RB1 34 Motor Push Button RB2 35 Motor Push Button RB3 36 Motor Push Button RB4 37 Servo Arm Push Button RB5 38 Servo Arm Push Button RB6 39 Servo Arm Push Button RB7 40 Servo Arm Push Button Table 3.1.2 : Pin Connections C:UsersDanialDesktopFull Schem.JPG Figure 3.1.2 : Full Schematics 3.2 Motor Driver Figure 3.2.1 : SN754410 Motor Driver The SN754410NE is a quadruple half-H driver. The SN754410 can operate a pair of DC motors at the same time. It gives the robot bidirectional movements. It carries the peak output currents up to 1 ampere at a voltage range of 4.5 to 36V. The SN754410 has a minimum logic voltage of 4.5V and a maximum logic voltage of 5.5V. This driver is made to operate from a -400C to 850C. Drivers are enabled in pairs. Driver 1 and driver 2 are enabled by 1,2EN. Driver 3 and driver 4 are enabled by 3,4EN. When the input is low, the drivers are disabled and the outputs are off. If the input is high, the drivers are enabled and the outputs are on. Figure 3.2.2 : SN754410 Motor Driver Pinout Pin 1 (1,2EN) enables/ disables the motor Pin 2 (1A) is a logic pin for the motor Pin 3 (1Y) is for Motor A Pin 4, 5 are for grounding Pin 6 (2Y) is for Motor A Pin 7 (2A) connected to the motor Pin 8 (VCC2) connected to source for motor power Pin 9 (3,4EN) enables/ disables the motor Pin 10 (3A) connected to the motor Pin 11 (3Y) is for Motor B Pin 12, 13 are for grounding Pin 14 (4Y) is for Motor B Pin 15 (4A) connected to the motor INPUTS OUTPUT Y H = High Level L = Low Level X = Do Not Matter XX = OFF A EN H H H L H L X L XX Table 3.2.1 : SN754410 Function Table C:UsersDanialDesktopMotor.JPG Figure 3.2.3 : Motor Schematics 3.3 DC Motor This project will use the SPG10 Geared Motor that has 1.3 kg/cm torque. This motor is light enough to not weigh down the robot and only weighs 10 grams. It runs at 45 rpm. Figure 3.3.1 : SPG10 Motor C:UsersDanDesktopImages23042010(001).jpg Figure 3.3.2 : Motor Wheel 3.4 Servo Motor A servo is a mechanism used in robotic control systems. It is a mechanism that the user can set and forget. This is because of its ability to make corrections to return to its preset state if any changes occur. This is thanks to feedback operations. A servo is a casing that contains a DC motor, some gears with an output shaft, a variable resister that is connected to the output shaft, and a control board. The sensor mechanism allows the control circuit to monitor the current. The motor, through a series of gears, turns the output. The control circuit calculates the difference from the intended position from the current position the shaft is in. This makes the motor turn to its new position. If the control circuit senses that the position is accurate, it brings to a halt the motor. There are three connections to a servo; the power line, the ground line and finally the control signal. The servo needs to be told when to move and wont do so even if power is provided directly. The servo utilizes pulse width modulation (PWM) stream to indicate its position. Specification Servo Motor Model At 5 Volts Speed (s/60o) 0.19 Torque (Kg.cm) 6.00 Signal To Control Angle TTL PWM PWM At Min Angle (ms) 0.54 PWM At Max Angle (ms) 2.40 Operating Voltage (VDC) 4.8-6.0 Operating Frequency (Hz) 50.0 Moving Range(degree) 0-180 Wiring (Black/Brown Wire) Ground Wiring (Red Wire) 4.8-6.0 Volts Wiring (Orange/Other Wire) PWM Signal Table 3.4.1 : Servo Specifications C:UsersDanialDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 3.4.1 : Servo Motor C:UsersDanialDesktopServo.JPG Figure 3.4.2 : Servo Schematic Chapter 4: Software Coding 4.1 PWM Generation PWM is simply the short form for pulse-width modulation. It is an efficient way to provide intermediate amounts of electrical power between fully on and fully off. This means PWM signals are digital, because at any instant given instant of time, the full DC supply is either fully on or fully off. PWM is employed in a wide variety of applications, ranging from measurement and communications to power control and conversion. Many microcontrollers include on-chip PWM controllers, like the one which is used this project, which makes this easy for controlling the servos for this project. One of the advantages of PWM is that the signal remains digital all the way from the processor to the controlled system and no digital-to-analog conversion is necessary. By keeping the signal digital, noise effects are minimized. Noise can only affect a digital signal if it is strong enough to change logic 1 to logic 0, or vice versa. PWM is the basis of controlling the servos in this project. Lets examine some basic theory. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP Reportimagespwm.gif Figure 4.1.1 : PWM Square Wave The diagram above shows a PWM signal that changes between 0 and 5 volts which is equivalent as digital logic 0 and 1. Notice that the waves are symmetrical. The uptime and downtime is 10ms when added together we get the period which is 20ms. Now that the basics are out of the way, lets look at how a normal servo signal input looks like. C:UsersDanDesktopFYP Reportimagespwm_servo.gif Figure 4.1.2 : PWM Wave Note that the servo runs at 50Hz frequency and therefore the period is 20ms. The uptime is what determines the angle of which the servo motor moves to. In simple words, we can tell the servo where to move with great precision. These are some examples for 180 ° servos. t = 0.9ms T = 20ms Angle = 0 ° t = 1.5ms T = 20ms Angle = 90 ° t = 2.1ms T = 20ms Angle = 180 ° The next step is to create these PWM signals using the PIC microcontroller. The PWMs is in this switch statement: switch(count){ //Choose which servo to modify case 1: PORTA = 0x02; // First Stage WriteTimer1( servo3 ); break; case 2: PORTA = 0x04; // Left Gripper WriteTimer1( servo1 ); break; case 3: PORTA = 0x08; //Right Gripper WriteTimer1( servo0 ); break; case 4: PORTA = 0x10; // Second Stage WriteTimer1( servo2 ); break; } Figure 4.1.3 : Switch Statement The operations for the timers are split in to 4 possible cases of how to generate PWM signal to the pins to power the servos. This is what the statement does:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //INTERRUPT CONTROL #pragma code InterruptVectorHigh=0x08 void InterruptVectorHigh (void) { _asm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //assembly code starts goto InterruptHandlerHigh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //interrupt control _endasm  Ã‚  Ã‚  //assembly code ends } #pragma code #pragma interrupt InterruptHandlerHigh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  //end interrupt controlCase 1 turns PortA1 On and resets the timer1.   Case 2 turns PortA1 Off, PortA2 on and resets the timer1. Case 3 turns PortA2 Off, PortA3 on and resets the timer1. Case 4 turns PortA3 Off, PortA4 on and resets the timer1. Figure 4.1.4 : Interrupt Handler The switch statement is nested in the interrupt handler function. The interrupt handler handles the timer operations. The interrupt control runs assembly code and then calls the go-to function which is InterruptHandlerHigh. The interrupt controller is set at high priority 0x08. Once the interrupt control is correctly implemented interrupts is sent to the interrupt handler where we can do whatever operation necessary depending on the type of interrupt.   4.2 Arm Control void move(int one,int two,int three,int four, int five) { if(one) servo0 = one; // Right Gripper if(two) servo1 = two; // Left Gripper if(three) servo2 = three; // Second Stage Link if(four) servo3 = four; // First Stage Link }A move function is declared to make things easier when linking with buttons. The arguments of the move function are the respective position the servo moves to when it is called upon. Figure 4.2.1 : Move Function After the move function is declared it can be called when the specific button is pressed. //Arm Control if(PORTBbits.RB7==1) move(0xF03B,0xF477,0,0,0); //GRIP! if(PORTBbits.RB6==1) move(0,0,(servo2-0x0250),(servo3+0x0100),0); //MOVE AWAY if(PORTBbits.RB5==1) move(0,0,(servo2+0x0250),(servo3-0x0100),0); //MOVE TOWARDS if(PORTBbits.RB4==1) move(0xFA77,0xEE07,0,0,0); //UNGRIP! Figure 4.2.2 : Arm Button Check There are 4 buttons that control the movement of the arm. PortB pin 0: Close the gripper PortB pin 1: Move arm away PortB pin 2: Move arm towards PortB pin 3: Open the gripper C:UsersVictorDesktopImagesClose Gripper.jpg Figure 4.2.3 : Close Gripper This picture depicts a closed gripper state that is triggered by the button. The following figure is how the robotic arm will look when it is triggered to open both grippers. C:UsersDanDesktop22042010(007).jpg Figure 4.2.3 : Open Gripper 4.3 Base Control The only thing that needs to be controlled in the base is the 2 DC geared motors. It is linked with the microcontroller through the H-bridge. The motors rotational direction is determined by a combinational logic code as seen in the data sheet of the motor driver. It is the same with the servo, when a button is pressed certain commands will be executed. //Base Control if(PORTBbits.RB3==1) { //Forward control PORTCbits.RC1=1; PORTCbits.RC0=0; PORTDbits.RD0=1; PORTCbits.RC3=0; } if(PORTBbits.RB2==1) { //Reverse control PORTCbits.RC1=0; PORTCbits.RC0=1; PORTDbits.RD0=0; PORTCbits.RC3=1; } Figure 4.3.1 : Base Button Check (Forward/Reverse) if(PORTBbits.RB1==1) { //Left control PORTCbits.RC1=0; PORTCbits.RC0=1; PORTDbits.RD0=1; PORTCbits.RC3=0; } if(PORTBbits.RB0) { //Right Control PORTCbits.RC1=1; PORTCbits.RC0=0; PORTDbits.RD0=0; PORTCbits.RC3=1; } Figure 4.3.2 : Base Button Check (Left/Right) There are 4 buttons that control the movement of the base. PortB pin 4: Forward PortB pin 5: Reverse PortB pin 6: Move right PortB pin 7: Move left 4.4 Simulation C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled.jpg Figure 4.4.1 : Watch Simulation The MPLAB software allows a minimal amount of simulation to show that the program is written correctly. Due to software limitation on the PIC18F4520 it is unable to correctly show port activities. However it does show variable activity like in the figure by using the watch feature in the MPLAB. This screenshot shows the stepping when reaching the OpenTimer1 function. A separate window opens to show the function and it will continue to step through the function until it is done. C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled1.jpg Figure 4.4.2 : Program Stepping The stepping continues while opening the necessary functions in a separate window and steps though it until it is done. It reaches the while loop and it keeps looping as it waits for a button to be pressed. Figure 4.4.3 shows the final stage of the program stepping. C:UsersDanDesktopUntitled3.jpg Figure 4.4.3 : Final Stepping Chapter 5: Conclusions and Recommendation 5.1 Summary This project has further expanded my interest and knowledge in the field of robotics. A project that is very hands on like this helps with the development of certain skills that would certainly help when I go on to become a professional engineer. The most important skill would be planning the stages of the project. To conclude, this project involved two phases which is the hardware design and software design. This report covered the software aspect in detail. In the early stages of this project different methods was planned for the outcome. At the start, the use of a PLC (programmable logic controller) was planned. However it proved to be infeasible in terms of cost and size. In the end it was decided that a PIC microcontroller was to be use as it is easier to implement with respect to the project and provides a great deal of functionality. The programming was made easier with the addition of the C compiler thus enabling the use of a higher level language which is C. With the use of a language of higher level it would be easier to implement features that were not possible using the PLC. 5.2 Recommendations In this project, certain improvements can be made in order to make things work more efficiently. For example, the quick movements seen in the arm is because of the incrementer seen in the codes and lack true control software. By revising the software and introducing more control oriented design it is possible to fine tune the speed. Instead of the 2 robot castors that make up the front motion it could be replaced with wheels and a servo in between them to make the movement and control similar to remote controlled cars. The wired controller could be replaced with a wireless RF controller to allow more freedom to the user. The body work could be improved by using sturdier and lightweight materials such as aluminium. Some sensors could be added to enhance the normal usage of the arm.

How to Surf Essay -- essays research papers

Some would say it's like snowboarding, whereas others would say it's like skateboarding. I, on the other hand, believe surfing is unlike any other sport. Besides it being loads of fun and freeing your mind, it is also a great workout. Problem is, though, many people wonder how to get started and learn what to do. That's where I come in. First, you need to know the safety precautions. You absolutely have to know how to swim and be able to swim well. If this is a problem for you, you can easily contact a nearby gym (like YMCA) for and instructor to teach you how. Another growing issue with surfing is the strong currents and tidal waves. There are ways to predict the safety of the water on that particular day, but for now, just ask the nearest lifeguard on duty. Now that you know you are in no major harm, it is time to find the specifications on how you will surf. Stand up straight and point one of your arms to the sky. This is how long your board should be when you first start learning how to surf. As you get better, you may use shorter boards, which makes the ride a lot faster and thrilling. Next, you will test what stance you will acquire while on the board. To do this, lay your board flat on the sand, then position yourself face down on top of the board. Quickly jump up, and whichever foot is placed in front will be the same foot you lead with when you surf! If you lead with your left foot, you ride "regular," but if you rest your right foot ahead, you ride "...

ASDA’s Responses To Changes In Its Business Environment

ASDA Group (ASDA) owned by Wal-Mart group company, is a grocery and general merchandise retailer in the UK. In 2008, ASDA recorded a profit before tax of  £520.4m, down slightly from  £532.7m but exceeding arch rival Sainsbury's. ASDA's sales hit  £18.57bn, up from  £16.7bn, in ranking the chain third in the supermarket hierarchy after ASDA and Sainsbury's.There have been many changes in ASDA's business environment over the last 65 years. ASDA is usually conducting research to identify changes in the business environment and responding to the customer needs its research identifies. One of the research models is PESTE (STEEP). The PESTE model uses the five headings of sociological, technological, economic, environmental and political factors. Factors in the macro-environment such as tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes affect the management decisions at ASDA.Sociological (gender roles, age of consumers, the extent of local mig ration/mobility, patterns of consumption, culture of a population, out of town shopping/car usage, busy people/working more hours)One of the sociological factor is dietary habits. Nowadays, people want to try different and new foods. ASDA has responded by increasing its range of foreign foods such as Mexican, Indian and Chinese. Likewise, the large ethnic populations that have moved to the UK have made ASDA respond by increasing its range of foods. For example, there is a full aisle of Polish food in ASDA in Boston, Lincolnshire. This is not extraordinary, considering that in this little city (30,000 citizens) almost 50% is Polish. Another factor the ageing population also has impact on the demand for non-food products such glasses from optical stores. ASDA have its own ‘ASDA Opticians'. This is example how ASDA responds to changes in sociological environment and the age of customers factor.TechnologicalTechnology is an area where there have been a lot of advances. The example of this is the mass use of microwaves. The Company launched a range of microwaveable foods. Welcomed new technologies, ASDA has implemented online shopping and self service checkouts which make easier shopping for customers. Furthermore, new technologies enable improvements to the way that ASDA does its business. The company uses information technology to support its operations. For example, it can see how individual products are performing store-by-store at a glance through data collection. ASDA appears to have responded well in this area.Political – Legal changes (laws on foods, competition laws, rate of unemployment, tax policies, price regulations etc)Planning permission is heavily regulated in the UK. ASDA is aware of planning permission regulations. Store expansions goes ahead to comply with planning regulations. ASDA identifies relevant planning laws and comply with them to reduce any disruption to its store expansion programme by local people’s dissent or the local authority refusal. This supports the successful opening of a new store in an area. An example is the development of huge out of town ASDA Superstores which have huge car parks. This was made possible by the government allowing them planning permission to build.The UK is a member state of the EU so ASDA has to abide by EU laws e.g. competition laws. ASDA is restricted from growing too large. To overcome this they have started to offer more services such as financial services . There is ‘ASDA money' (ASDA FINANCIAL SERVICES LIMITED) which offers credit cards and insurance. In addition, it provides mobile phone network. The ‘ASDA mobile' is the cheapest supermarket mobile network with a cheaper overall tariff than rival Tesco.Environmental/Ecological (more focus on organic, recyclable, less waste, environmental regulations etc)A global warming is the one of the biggest threat to a natural environment. The cause of global warming is the emission of carbon dioxide. To m eet these challenges, ASDA supports carbon reductions in most of its stores. ASDA’s  stores are eco-friendly, 40% more energy efficient and emitting 50% less carbon dioxide than a standard new build store. Over the past couple of years ASDA has been working with its suppliers to reduce the amount of carbon emitted during manufacture, growing and processing of their products — something that’s known as embedded carbon.Many people now do not want to eat food that has been grown or reared using chemicals, they want natural food. ASDA has responded by introducing a wide range of organic food ranges. For example, ASDA have launched the Organix brand which helps people to find organic food on storefront shelves.Economic (recession, competition, inflation, taxes etc)ASDA like its main competitors Tesco and Sainsbury have been accused of tax avoidance, depriving farmers of a livelihood and functioning as modern-day monopolies that drive local businesses out of communi ties. ASDA has grown enormously and has forced many small retailers out of business; they have received a lot of criticism in this area and appear not to care. They have also been criticised for the low prices they pay UK farmers for their products , which in same cases has forced farms close.In addition, ASDA has been criticised for not responding to the needs of some shareholders, such as UK farmers. As we see this economic factors are where ASDA has problems responding positively to changes in business environment. It could have negative influence for its clients. Some people could change their preferences and to go shopping in a competitor supermarket due to a bad publicity.ConclusionIt is important to respond accurately to factors such as tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes. This evaluation has considered how ASDA has responded to external changes. In evaluating how well they have responded, they have responded well to externa l changes concerning their customers but not so well in areas of economics. Some of these wrong responses has influence for negative public relations, especially force many small retailers out of business and the low prices they pay UK farmers for their products. In other hand, to take  responsibility for natural environment by carbon reductions policy is really impressive.

Political Effects Of The Renaissance Essays - Medieval Philosophy

Political Effects Of The Renaissance Essays - Medieval Philosophy Political Effects of the Renaissance History has shown us how civilizations evolve over time. Broadly interpreted, the age of Diocletian marked a decisive stage in the transition from the classical, the Greco-Roman, civilization of the ancient Roman Empire to the Christian-Germanic civilization of the early Middle Ages. Similarly interpreted, "the age of the Renaissance marked the transition from the civilization of the Middle Ages to the modern world"(Ferguson 1). Therefore, the Renaissance is the beginning of the modern world and modern government. In law the tendency was to challenge the abstract dialectical method of the medieval jurists with a philological and historical interpretation of the sources of Roman Law. As for political thought, the medieval proposition that the preservation of liberty, law, and justice constitutes the central aim of political life was challenged but not overthrown by Renaissance theorists. They contended that the central task of government was to maintain security and peace. Machiavelli maintained that the creative force (virtj) of the ruler was the key to the preservation of both his own position and the well-being of his subjects, an idea consonant with contemporary politics. Italian city-states were transformed during the Renaissance from communes to territorial states, each of which sought to expand at the expense of the others. Territorial unification also took place in Spain, France, and England. The process was aided by modern diplomacy, which took its place beside the new warfare when the Italian city-states established resident embassies at foreign courts. By the 16th century, the institution of permanent embassies spread northward to France, England, and the Holy Roman Empire. Renaissance churchmen, particularly in the higher echelons, patterned their behavior after the mores and ethics of lay society. The activities of popes, cardinals, and bishops were scarcely distinguishable from those of secular merchants and political figures. At the same time, Christianity remained a vital and essential element of Renaissance culture. Preachers, such as San Bernardino of Siena, and theologians and prelates, such as Sant'Antonino of Florence, attracted large audiences and were revered. Moreover, many humanists were concerned with theological questions and applied the new philological and historical scholarship to the study and interpretation of the early church fathers. The humanist approach to theology and scripture may be traced from the Italian scholar Petrarch to the Dutch scholar Desiderius Erasmus; it made a powerful impact on Roman Catholics and Proteezts. Some medievalists contend that the inflated eloquence and dull neoclassicism of much humanist writing undermine the claim that the Renaissance was a turning point in Western civilization. Although these contentions are valid to some degree, the Renaissance clearly was a time in which long-ezding beliefs were tested; it was a period of intellectual ferment, preparing the ground for the thinkers and scientists of the 17th century, who were far more original than the Renaissance humanists. The Renaissance idea that humankind rules nature is akin to Sir Francis Bacon's concept of human dominance over nature's elements, which initiated the development of modern science and technology. Medieval notions of republicanism and liberty, preserved and defended with classical precedents by Renaissance thinkers, had an indelible impact on the course of English constitutional theory and may have been a source for the conception of government espoused by the Founding Fathers of American constitutionalism. Above all, however, "the age of the Renaissance marked a decisive stage in the transition from Middle Ages to the modern world"(Ferguson 1). - Morgan, Michael. Classics of Moral and Political Theory. Indianapolisis: Hacket Publishing Company, 1992. 417-419. Ferguson, Wallace. The Renaisance. New York: Harper & Row Publishing Inc., 1963. 1-29

Constipation in Older Adults Essays

Constipation in Older Adults Essays Constipation in Older Adults Essay Constipation in Older Adults Essay 2011). It is non-life-threatening; it causes distress that leads to patient discomfort and diminished quality of life. Constipation is considered a major health concern for providers of care, especially for patients in high-risk groups such as the elderly; less mobile individuals, and the neurologically impaired. The causes of constipation can be influenced by physical, psychological, physiological, emotional and environmental factors. I picked constipation to discuss because I am a Personal Support Worker, I provide care for the elderly; most of them have health conditions which are likely contributory factors. Older adults are more prone to constipation than younger adults because peristalsis of the intestine usually weakened as we age; ingestion of certain medications; also due to reduced activity levels; muscle weakness and inadequate amounts of fluids and fibre intake. (Kozeir et al, 2010). As a primary caregiver to my Clients, I have to make sure they are meeting the quality of life by simply monitoring signs and symptoms of constipation. Prevention is better than to treat, every precaution must be made to prevent a recurrence. Also, it is my responsibility to teach the family how to care for their love ones whom they suspect to be constipated. I have a Client who is paraplegic due to Spinal Cord Injury, she is also diabetic. Since March of 2010 she is on opioids for long term pain management. Recently an MRI has been done to her to see why her pain scale is always 10 out of 10, 10 as the worst pain she ever experienced. The Neurosurgeon said she has a syrinx on her spinal cord. He won’t do any surgery because it will only make her condition worst. This means, she has to learn how to live with the pain since no further medical procedure will help her to be pain free from the syrinx. Knowing that constipation is a major problem for her since she is taking opioids for pain, I took up some in-service training conducted by my agency. I am trained to do digital stimulation and use of suppository for the management of chronic constipation. In her care, I often incorporate these procedures to prevent fecal impaction, as well as to prevent any complications that might be associated with constipation. Educating the patient and health promotion are important functions of a nurse. First, it is vital for the adult Client and to her family to know how to manage constipation because opioid-induced constipation is a significant problem that requires attention and should be monitored frequently. Secondly, a stool softener is often employed and bulk-forming laxatives should be avoided because of the risk of obstruction. A member of the oncology team should be approached for advice if needed. (Prynn, P. , 2011). Since my Client is using a power wheelchair, exercise is recommended, it tailored her physical ability and may benefit from daily activities such as moving her head, lifting her arms and hands while cooking, etc. Lifestyle modification such as providing privacy and strictly following the Client’s daily routine. Having a regular time for defecation (e. g. best time is after breakfast or after other meals or at bedtime). Lastly, provide dietary information. Suggest eating high-residue, high-fibre foods; adding bran and/or flaxseed daily (must be introduced gradually); and increasing fluid intake (unless contraindicated). Day et al. , 2010). To support nursing practice at the point of care, whether at the bedside, in a patient’s home, or in a community setting, Physicians, Nurses, Physiotherapist, Occupational Therapist, Pharmacist, Personal support worker to name a few interprofessional team members works hand in hand to promote quality of life to older adults. Each membe r of the interprofessional team plays an important role to the clients care but I want to discuss the role of the Dietician. Dieticians are experts in food and nutrition. Adapting what you eat may help to ease constipation. Dieticians advise people on what food to eat which leads to a healthy lifestyle or achieve a specific health-related goal. Adjusting the diet, usually the elderly should eat more food containing cellulose, such as crude flour, brown rice, corn, celery, leek, spinach, and fruits to increase dietary fiber, stimulate and promote intestinal peristalsis. â€Å"Dietary fibre intake should be from 25 to 30 grams of dietary fibre per day. Dietary intake of fibre should be gradually increased once the client has a consistent fluid intake of 1500 ml per 24hours†. (Rnao,2005). Consultation with a dietician is highly recommended. Another interprofessional team memeber that plays an important role in caring for older adults is the Dentist. The Dentist assesses the Client’s mouth for infection and bone loss on gums. Aging affects muscles of the gums to shrink, Clients are asked to see the dentist every 2-3 years for dentures refitting. † People who have loose-fitting dentures or those who lost their teeth have difficulty chewing. Most of the time they prefer soft, processed meals that are low in fibre’. (Day et all. ,2010). Client’s with dentures are also educated to avoid eating hard foods to chew such as nuts, etc. Denture sealers are also used to keep the dentures I place and to avoid irritating the gums by keeping the food out. Patient education and health promotion are important functions of the nurse. After health history is reviewed, the nurse sets specific teaching goals. These goals are for the patient to restore and maintain defecation, methods to avoid constipation, relieving anxiety about bowel movement elimination patterns and to avoid complications. (Day et al. , 2010). Nurses need to be aware of the condition and knowledge of its management. If fecal impaction is suspected, depending on the agency policies the client is often given an oil retention enema, after 2-4 hrs cleansing enema is given, suppositories , or stool softeners which are ordered by a physician. A Digital Rectal Examination is done which means manual removal is feces should be performed if other measures fail. (Woodward, S. ,2012). References: Day, R. , Paul, P. , Williams, B. , Smeltzer, S. , amp; Bare, B. (2010). Brunner amp; Suddarth’s Texbook of Canadian Medical-Surgical Nursing. (2nd Canadian ed. ). Wolters Kluwer Health; Lippincott Williams amp; Wilkins. Kozier, B. , Erb, G. , Berman, A. , Synder, S. , Bouchal D. , Hirst, S. , Yiu, L. , Stamler, L. , amp; Buck M. (2010). Fundamentals of Canadian Nursing Concepts, Process, and Practive. (2nd Canadian ed. ). Toronto: Pearson Canada Kyle, G. (2007). Developing a constipation risk assessment tool. Continence. UK. 1(1): 38-45 Prynn, P. (2011). Managing adult constipation. Practice Nurse (PRACT NURSE), 41(17), 23-8. Retrieved from database CINAHL with full text Woodward, S. (2009). Assessment and management of constipation in older adult. Gastrointestinal disorders. UK. 24(5). pp. 21-26